Kimyasal bileşimlerinde bulunan naftodiantron türevi bileşikler nedeniyle birçok Hypericum türünün fototoksik aktivite gösterdiği bilinmektedir. Bu türler arasında en yaygın olarak kullanılan ve üzerinde en fazla araştırma yapılmış olan Hypericum perforatum (sarı kantaron) türü de fototoksik bir bitkidir. Bu bitkilerin koyu renkli salgı bezlerinde sentezlenen ve bir naftodiantron türevi olan hiperisin, fototoksisiteden sorumlu majör bileşiktir. Hiperisin içeren bitkilerin fototoksik etkileri ilk kez, Hypericum türlerinden fazlaca tüketen açık renk derili veya postlu, koyun gibi hayvanların güneş altında otlarken derilerinde meydana gelen ve bazen ölümle sonuçlanan ciddi reaksiyonlar oluşmasıyla keşfedilmiştir. Hayvanlarda görülen bu hastalığa 'Hiperisizm' adı verilmiştir. Bu durum, dâhilen antidepresan haricen de yara iyileştirici etkisi nedeniyle tüm dünyada çok yaygın olarak kullanılan H. perforatum bitkisinin insanlardaki fototoksisite potansiyeli hakkında bilgi edinmeyi zorunlu hâle getirmiştir. Diğer yandan güçlü fotodinamik aktivitesi sayesinde farmasötik açıdan oldukça önemli bir molekül olan hiperisin; özellikle kanser ve AIDS hastalıklarının fotodinamik terapiyle tedavisinde umut vaat eden bir bileşik olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Ayrıca fotodinamik terapide, fotosensibilizan ajan olarak hiperisin kullanımının diğer fototoksik maddelere kıyasla ciddi avantajlar sağladığı görülmüştür. Bu derleme, Hypericum türlerinin fototoksisitesi, hiperisinin fotodinamik aktivitesi, fotodinamik terapide kullanılışı ve diğer farmakolojik özellikleriyle ilgili detaylı bilgi vermek üzere hazırlanmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Hypericum; sarı kantaron; hiperisin; fototoksisite; fotodinamik terapi
Most of the Hypericum species, including the most wellknown, commonly used, and extensively investigated Hypericum perforatum, (common St. John's Wort) are known to be phototoxic plants, due to the naphthodianthrone derivatives present in their chemical compositions. Hypericin, a naphthodianthrone, that is synthesized and stored in their dark glands, is the major compound responsible for their phototoxicity. The phototoxicity of the hypericin containing plants was first discovered in certain light-skinned animals, such as sheep that would have severe skin reactions, and even die from ingesting large quantities of Hypericum species while grazing, and of exposure to sun after. This disease in animals was named as 'Hypericism'. Being widely used mainly for its antidepressant effect internally and its wound-healing properties externally, it has become crucial to gain more knowledge about the phototoxic potential of H. perforatum in humans. Furthermore, having strong photodynamic activities, hypericin was found to be a molecule of high pharmaceutical importance, and considered as a promising agent for cancer and AIDS therapies. More importantly, in the search for new photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy, hypericin was found to have many serious advantages in comparison to other phototoxic agents. This review was designed to give detailed information about the phototoxicity of Hypericum species, the photodynamic activity, and pharmacological properties of hypericin including its use in photodynamic therapy.
Keywords: Hypericum; St. John's Wort; hypericin; phototoxicity; photodynamic therapy
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