Obezite; alınan enerjinin, harcanan enerjiden fazla olması sonucu vücuttaki lipit oranının artması ile ortaya çıkan kronik ve global bir hastalıktır. Obezite daha çok beden kitle indeksi parametresi ile tanımlanmaktadır. Beden kitle indeksinin 40 kg/m2 ve üzerinde olması morbid obezite olarak da tanımlanmaktadır. Obezitenin tedavisinde diyet, egzersiz, medikal tedavi ve cerrahi tedavi gibi birçok yöntem kullanılmaktadır. Morbid obezitenin tedavisinde en etkili yöntem ise bariatrik cerrahidir. Bariatrik cerrahinin farklı türleri bulunmaktadır. Bariyatrik cerrahinin son zamanlarda popüler hâle gelmesi bariyatri hastalarına bakım veren hemşirelere de oldukça önemli sorumluluklar yüklemektedir. Bariyatrik cerrahi diğer cerrahi işlemler sonrası verilmesi gereken bakıma ek olarak, oluşabilecek komplikasyonlara yönelik de özel bir bakım gerektirmektedir. Bu nedenle hemşirelerin bariyatrik cerrahi sonrası oluşabilecek komplikasyonları bilmeleri ve bu komplikasyonları önlemek için doğru girişimlerde bulunmaları oldukça önemlidir. Bu komplikasyonlar cerrahi işlem sonrası oluşum süresine göre erken ve geç dönemde meydana gelmektedir. Erken dönem komplikasyonları anostomoz kaçağı, intra-abdominal enfeksiyonlar, bulantıkusma ve dumping sendromudur. Bariyatrik cerrahinin geç dönem komplikasyonları ise emilim bozuklukları, insizyonel herni, kolelitiyazis ve renal hastalıklardır. Bu komplikasyonlar çoğu zaman yaşamsal önem taşımaktadr. Kaliteli bir hemşirelik bakımı ile bu komplikasyonların neredeyse tamamı önlenebilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, bariyatrik cerrahi sonrası erken ve geç dönem oluşabilecek komplikasyonların ve bu komplikasyonları önlenmesinde hemşirenin görevlerinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Bariyatrik cerrahi; komplikasyonlar; hemşirelik bakımı
Obesity; is a chronic and global disease that is caused by an increase in the amount of energy consumed and an increase in the proportion of the lipid in the resultant body. Obesity is mostly defined by the body mass index parameter. The body mass index of 40 kg/m2 and above is also defined as morbid obesity. Obesity is treated by many methods such as diet, exercise, medical treatment, and surgical treatment. The most effective method for the treatment of morbid obesity is bariatric surgery. There are different types of bariatric surgery. With the recent popularity of bariatric surgery, nurses who care for bariatric patients also have considerable responsibilities. Bariatric surgery requires special care for the complications that may occur in addition to the need to be given after other surgical procedures. For this reason it is very important that the nurses know the complications that may occur after bariatric surgery and make the right attempts to prevent these complications. These complications occur in the early and late period according to the duration of the postoperative period. Early complications include anastomotic leakage, intra-abdominal infections, nausea and vomiting, and dumping syndrome. Late complications of bariatric surgery are impairment disorders, incisional hernia, cholelithiasis, and renal diseases. Although these complications are often vital, almost all of them can be prevented with quality nursing care. This review includes the complications that may occur early and late after bariatric surgery and the tasks of the nurse to prevent these complications.
Keywords: Bariatric surgery; complications; nursing care
- Bult MJ, van Dalen T, Muller AF. Surgical treatment of obesity. Eur J Endocrinol. 2008;158(2):135-45. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Schirmer B, Schauer PR. The surgical management of obesity. In: Brunicardi F, Brandt M, Andersen D, Billiar T, Dunn D, Hunter JG, et al. Schwartz?s Principles of Surgery. 9th ed. McGraw Hill Professional; 2010. p.949-78.
- Maggard MA, Shugarman LR, Suttorp M, Maglione M, Sugerman HJ, Livingston EH, et al. Meta-analysis: surgical treatment of obesity. Ann Intern Med. 2005;142(7):547-59. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Barth MM, Jenson CE. Postoperative nursing care of gastric bypass patients. Am J Crit Care. 2006;15(4):378-87. [PubMed]
- Saber AA, Elgamal MH, McLeod MK. Bariatric surgery: the past, present, and future. Obes Surg. 2008;18(1):121-8. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Sağlam F, Güven H. [Surgical treatment of obesity]. Okmeydanı Tıp Dergisi. 2014;30(Ek Sayı 1):60-5.
- Mechanick JI, Kushner RF, Sugerman HJ, Gonzalez-Campoy JM, Collazo-Clavell ML, Guven S, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, the Obesity Society, and American Society for Metabolic & Bariatric Surgery medical guidelines for clinical practice for the perioperative nutritional, metabolic and nonsurgical support of the bariatric surgery patient. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2008;4(5 Suppl):S109-84. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Powell MS, Fernandez AZ Jr. Surgical treatment for morbid obesity: the laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Surg Clin North Am. 2011;91(6):1203-24. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Brethauer SA, Hammel JP, Schauer PR. Systematic review of sleeve gastrectomy as staging and primary bariatric procedure. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2009;5(4):469-75. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Brethauer SA, Harris JL, Kroh M, Schauer PR. Laparoscopic gastric aplication for treatment of severe obesity. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2011;7(1):15-22. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Tice JA, Karliner L, Walsh J, Petersen AJ, Feldman MD. Gastric banding or bypass? A systematic review comparing the two most popular bariatric procedures. Am J Med. 2008;121(10):885-93. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Suter M, Calmes JM, Paroz A, Giusti V. A 10-year experience with laparoscopic gastric banding for morbid obesity: high long-term complication and failure rates. Obes Surg. 2006;16(7):829-35. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Sudan R, Jacobs DO. Biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch. Surg Clin North Am. 2011;91(6): 1281-93. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Tessier DJ, Eagon JC. Surgical management of morbid obesity. Curr Probl Surg. 2008;45(2):68-137. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Harrington L. Postoperative care of patients undergoing bariatric surgery. Medsurg Nurs. 2006;15(6):357-63. [PubMed]
- Grindel ME, Grindel CG. Nursing care of the person having bariatric surgery. Medsurg Nurs. 2006;15(3):129-45. [PubMed]
- Wittmann DH. Staged abdominal repair: development and current practice of an advanced operative technique for diffuse suppurative peritonitis. Acta Chir Austriaca. 2000;32(4):171-8.
- Başoğlu ÖK, Bacakoğlu F, Ersin S, Erikoğlu M, Köse T. [The relationship of preoperative parameters with the risk of postoperative pulmonary complication in upper abdominal surgery]. Toraks Dergisi. 2000;2: 17-22.
- Sweis I, Yegiyants SS, Cohen MN. The management of postoperative nausea and vomiting: current thoughts and protocols. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2013;37(3):625-33. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Rüsch D, Eberhart LH, Wallenborn J, Kranke P. Nausea and vomiting after surgery under general anesthesia: an evidence-based review concerning risk assessment, prevention, and treatment. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2010;107(42):733-41. [PubMed] [PMC]
- Aygin D. [Nausea and vomiting]. Yoğun Bakım Hemşireliği Dergisi. 2016;20(1):44-56.
- Shuster MH, Vázquez JA. Nutritional concerns related to Roux‐ en‐Y gastric bypass: what every cli nician needs to know. Crit Care Nurs Q. 2005;28(3):227-60. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Elliot K. Nutritional considerations after bariatric surgery. Crit Care Nurs Q. 2003;26(2):133-8. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Bloomberg RD, Fleishman A, Nalle JE, Herron DM, Kini S. Nutritional deficiencies following bariatric surgery: what have we learned? Obes Surg. 2005;15(2):145-54. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- De Prisco C, Levine SN. Metabolic bone disease after gastric bypass surgery for obesity. J Med Sci. 2005;329(2):57-61. [Crossref]
- Aksoy E, Çakmak A, Orozakunov E, Gürel M. [Evaluation of mesh fixation strength after placement of polypropylene mesh secured using polypropylene suture, titanium stapler and nitinol anchors]. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası. 2009;62(1):39-43. [Crossref]
- Kalan I, Yeşil Y. [Chronic diseases associated with obesity]. Diyabet ve Obezite. 2010;(23-24):78 81.
- Yüksel A. [Cholelithiasis nutritional relationship and diet principles]. Güncel Gastroentereloji. 2016;20(3): 327-30.
- Freeman JB, Meyer PD, Printen KJ, Mason EE, DenBesten L. Analysis of gallbladder bile in morbid obesity. Am J Surg. 1975;129(2):163-6. [Crossref]
- Sioka E, Zacharoulis D, Zachari E, Papamargaritis D, Pinaka O, Katsogridaki G, et al. Complicated gallstones after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. J Obes. 2014;2014: 468203. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Stokes CS, Gluud LL, Casper M, Lammert F. Ursodeoxycholic acid and diets higher in fat prevent gallbladder stones during weight loss: a metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;12(7):1090-100.e2. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Lieske JC, Kumar R, Collazo-Clavell ML. Nephrolithiasis after bariatric surgery for obesity. Semin Nephrol. 2008;28(2):163-73. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Semins MJ, Asplin JR, Steele K, Assimos DG, Lingeman JE, Donahue S, et al. The effect of restrictive bariatric surgery on urinary stone risk factors. Urology. 2010;76(4):826-9.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Özer C, Eğilmez T. [Bariatric surgery and urinary stone disease]. J Clin Anal Med. 2016;7(3):285-8.
- Puzziferri N, Blankenship J, Wolfe BM. Surgical treatment of obesity. Endocrine. 2006;29(1):11-9. [Crossref]
.: İşlem Listesi