Plasebo etkisi (İngilizce'de "I will please", bana iyi gelecek), gerek klinik çalışmalarda gerekse klinik uygulamalarda sıkça karşılaşılan bir kavramdır. Bununla birlikte, klinik sonuçlara önemli yansımaları olan ve plasebonun "kötü kardeşi" ya da "karanlık tarafı" olarak tanımlanan nosebo etkisi (İngilizce'de "I will get harm", bana kötü gelecek) de bir diğer önemli kavramdır. Klinik pratikte gerek hasta-hekim iletişiminden gerekse hasta psikolojisinden kaynaklanabilen olumsuz beklentiler olabilmektedir. Nosebo etkisi, özellikle ilacın doz ve farmakolojik özelliklerinden bağımsız olarak azalan iyileşme veya artmış yan tesir sıklığı olarak görülebilmektedir. Nosebo etkilerinin tanımlanabilmesi için çalışmada görülen yan tesirlerin sistematik olarak değerlendirilmesi ve etkinliği araştırılan ilacı alan gruptaki yan tesirlerle karşılaştırılması gerekir. Nosebo etkisi, alınan farmakolojik tedavide olabilecek yan tesirlerin veya tedavinin başarısızlığı gibi olumsuz düşüncelerden ve hasta-doktor iletişimindeki eksiklerden de kaynaklanabilmektedir. Bu etkiler; tedaviye güvensizlik, klinik yanıtta azalma, bazı durumlarda ise tedaviyi bırakmaya sebep olabilmektedir. Nosebo etkisine ilişkin araştırmalar devam etmekte olup, potansiyel yan tesirlerin ötesindeki klinik bulgular bu etkinin önemini de göstermektedir. Birçok nörobiyolojik sürecin, nosebo etkisinde rol oynadığı üzerinde durulmaktadır. Bilime yön veren, kanıt değeri yüksek randomize kontrollü klinik çalışmaların sonuçlarının daha sağlıklı yorumlanabilmesi için plasebonun "kötü kardeşi" ya da "karanlık tarafı" olarak tanımlanan nosebo etkisinin iyi bilinmesi gerekir. Bu çalışmada, nosebo etkilerine karşı farkındalık oluşturma amacının yanında nosebo etkisinin tarihçesinden patofizyolojisinde rol alan muhtemel mekanizmalara, gerek bilimsel çalışmalarda gerekse klinik pratikte nosebo etkilerinin nasıl tanımlabileceği ve bu etkilerin azaltılabilmesi adına yapılabilecek öneriler ele alındı.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Nosebo; plasebo; hasta-hekim iletişimi; hasta psikolojisi
The placebo effect ('I will please' in English) is a common concept in both clinical trials and clinical practice in medicine. On the other hand, the nocebo effect ('I will get harm' in English), which has significant implications for clinical outcomes and is defined as the 'dark side' of placebo, is another important concept. In clinical practice, negative expectations arising from patient-physician communication and patient psychology can lead to detrimental results. The nocebo effect can be seen as a reduced recovery or an increased frequency of side effects, regardless of the dose and pharmacological properties of the drug. In order to identify nocebo effects, the side effects seen in the study should be systematically evaluated and compared with the side effects in the group receiving the drug whose efficacy is investigated. These effects may cause insecurity, decreased clinical response, and in some cases, discontinuation from the trials. Clinical findings beyond the potential side effects also demonstrate the importance of this effect. Studies on the nocebo effect are ongoing and many neurobiological processes have been implicated. To better interpret the results of randomized controlled clinical trials, the nocebo effects should be well known. In this review, besides the aim of raising awareness about nocebo effects, also possible mechanisms, how to define nocebo effects in scientific studies and clinical practice, and recommendations to reduce these effects were aimed.
Keywords: Nocebo; placebo; patient-physician communication; patient psychology
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