Vitröz cisimciği olarak da bilinen göz içi sıvısı (GİS), %98-99'u su, protein, glikozaminoglikan, enzimler, metabolitler, hücreler, yağ asitleri ve elektrolitlerden oluşan jel formda bir sıvıdır. Bu biyolojik sıvı, postmortem araştırmalarda alternatif matriks olma özelliği taşımaktadır. Fiziksel, kimyasal ve biyolojik inertliği, otolize karşı dirençli olması, pütrifikasyon (çürüme) görülmemesi, postmortem yeniden dağılımın daha sınırlı olması, mikrobiyal üreme görülmemesi ve kontaminasyona karşı oldukça korunaklı olması, bu sıvıyı diğer postmortem biyolojik sıvılara göre avantajlı hâle getirmektedir. Bu nedenle postmortem evrede toplanması gereken ve antemortem dönem hakkında bilgi verebilecek değerli biyolojik materyaldir. GİS, adli bilimler alanına; postmortem ölüm zamanı tahmininde, ilaç/psikoaktif madde ve metabolit analizinde, antemortem alkol kullanımı (akut veya kronik) hakkında bilgi edinilmesinde, elektrolit bozuklukların tespitinde ve diyabetik ketoasidozun belirlenmesinde katkı sağlamaktadır. Özellikle ölüm esnasında herhangi bir şahidin bulunmadığı durumlarda ölüm nedenini ve zamanını belirleyebilir, olası şüpheli/şüphelileri dışlayabilir ve adli sürece katkılar sağlayabilir. Alternatif kullanım alanları üzerine hâlen sürdürülmekte olan araştırmalar son zamanlarda GİS'in, kişinin böbrek fonksiyonu hakkında da bilgi verebileceği üzerinde yoğunlaşmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, adli bilimler için önemli bir biyolojik örnek olan GİS'in, fiziksel ve kimyasal özelliklerinin, adli tıp ve adli toksikoloji alanlarındaki mevcut kullanımının, avantajlarının, kısıtlılıklarının ve potansiyel kullanım alanlarının ve analiz yöntemlerinin ele alınması amaçlanmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Göz içi sıvısı; postmortem; post-mortem interval; antemortem
Vitreous humor, also known as vitreous body, is a fluidlike gel, composed of approximately 98-99% water with protein, glycosaminoglycan, enzymes, metabolites, cells, fatty acids and electrolytes. This biological fluid has the feature of being an alternative matrix in post-mortem investigations. Physical, chemical and biological inertness, resisting to autolysis and putrefaction, limited postmortem redistribution, no microbial reproduction, and protecting itself from contaminations are some specific properties of the vitreous humor. This specimen having several ante-mortem information has many advantages than other post-mortem biological fluids. Applications of this biological sample in forensic sciences are post-mortem interval (PMI) estimation, determination of drug/psychoactive substances and their metabolites, ante-mortem alcohol consumption (acute or chronic), electrolyte imbalance assessment and diabetic ketoacidosis evaluation. Based on the analysis of vitreous humor, cause of death and PMI could be detected especially in the case of the absence of witness during death, therefore it may eliminate suspects, and contributes forensic investigation. Ongoing research on possible uses is focused on that vitreous humor may also provide information about the person's kidney function at the ante-mortem condition. This alternative biological sample is a promising fluid in post-mortem researches and other uses areas of this fluid is still searching. In this study, it was aimed to handle vitreous humor's chemical and physical structure, current uses, advantages and limitations of using this matrix in the forensic sciences and forensic toxicology, and analysis methods as a promising biological sample in the forensic field.
Keywords: Vitreous humor; post-mortem; post-mortem interval; ante-mortem
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