Amaç: Çalışma, gebelerin, geleneksel ve tamamlayıcı tıp (GETAT) uygulamalarını bilme ve gastrointestinal sistem (GİS) semptomlarını azaltmak için kullanma durumlarını değerlendirmek amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Tanımlayıcı ve kesitsel tip- teki araştırmanın evrenini, 1 Ocak 2017-30 Nisan 2017 tarihleri arasında Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi Zeynep Kâmil Kadın ve Çocuk Hastalıkları Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesinin Gebe İzlem polikliniğine başvuran tüm gebeler, örneklemini ise 37. ve üzeri gebelik haftasında, tekiz ge beliği olan ve gebeliği sürecinde en az 1 GİS şikâyeti yaşayan 297 gebe kadın oluşturmuştur. Veriler, anket formu kullanılarak elde edilmiş, veri toplamada öz bildirim tekniği kullanılmıştır. Veriler; t-testi, ki-kare testi, Bonferroni testi, yüzde ve aritmetik ortalama kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular: Araştırmaya katılan gebelerin yaş ortalaması 29±5,8 yıl, ortalama gebelik haftaları 38±1,2 hafta belirlenmiştir. Araştırmada, gebelik öncesi en az bir GETAT yöntemi kullananların oranı %50,8, kullanılan yöntemlerin ise masaj (%33,3), bitkisel ürünler (%27,3) ve müzik terapi (%24,6) olduğu belirlendi. Gebelerin, en sık yaşadıkları GİS şikâyetinin %80,1 oranında mide yanması, %68 bulantı-kusma, %55,6 ağız kuruluğu ve %52,2 diş eti kanaması olduğu belirlendi. Katılımcıların, mide yanması şikâyeti için süt tercih ettiği (%17,2); bulantı-kusmayla nane limon (%3,5) ve dikkati başka yöne çekerek baş etmeye çalıştığı (%3); ağız kuruluğu için su içtiği (%43,3); diş eti kanaması için tuz/karbonatla gargara yaptığı (%7,1) bulunmuştur. Sonuç: Gebelerin yarıya yakınının, gebelik öncesi GETAT kullandıkları, gebelikte büyük oranda GİS semptomları yaşadıkları, ancak GİS semptomlarını yönetmek için kanıt temelli GETAT kullanımının sınırlı olduğu belirlenmiştir. GETAT kullanımı hakkında toplumda farkındalık oluşturmak için kitle iletişim araçlarının kullanılması, gebelik semptomlarının yönetiminde kullanılabilecek kanıt temelli GETAT uygulamaları hakkında gebelere danışmanlık verilmesi önerilmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Gebelik; gastrointestinal semptomlar; geleneksel ve tamamlayıcı tıp
Objective: This study aims to explore the knowledge of pregnant women about traditional and complementary medicine (TCM) practise and use of them to reduce gastrointestinal system symptoms (GIS) during pregnancy. Material and Methods: This is a descriptive and cross-sectional study that inclued all pregnant women who came to the Sağlık Bilimleri University Zeynep Kâmil Public Hospital between January-April 2017. No sampling was performed in the study. 297 pregnant women who appropriate the in clusion criteria that having single fetus, 37th and above gestational week and had at least 1 GIS complaint during the pregnancy were included in the study.The data were collected through a questionnaire with by self report.Statistical data analysis was carried out using t-test, chi-square test, Benforroni test, percentage and arithmetic mean. Results: The mean of age was 29 ±5.8 years, gestational week was 38±1.2 weeks participating in the study. The rate of women using at least one TCM before pregnancy was determined 50.8%. TCM, which are the most preferred by women before pregnancy, are massage (33.3%), herbal products (27.3%) and music therapy (24.6%). It was determined the most common GIS complaints at pregnancy which were 80.1% heartburn, 68% nausea-vomiting, 55.6% dry mouth and 52.2% gingival bleeding. Participants was preferred milk (17.2%) for heartburn; mint-lemon tea (3.5%) and distraction techniques (3%) for nausea and vomiting; water (43.3%) for dry mouth; gargling with salt/carbonate (7.1%). Conclusion: It was determined that nearly half of the pregnant women used TCM before pregnancy, a lot of women experienced GIS symptoms during pregnancy, but the use of evidence-based TCM to manage GIS symptoms was limited. It is recommended to use mass media to raise public awareness about TCM use and giving consulty to women about evidence-based TCM practices that can be used in the management of GIS symptoms by the health professionals.
Keywords: Pregnancy; gastrointestinal tract; traditional and complementary medicine
- Güzel Y. Fetal gelişim ve gebeliğin fizyolojisi [Fetal development and physiology of pregnancy]. Aydın D, Aba YA. editörler. Anne ve Çocuk Sağlığı. 1. Baskı. İstanbul: İstanbul Tıp Kitabevi; 2019. p.61-72.
- Gümüşsoy S, Kavlak O. Gebelikte fizyolojik değişimler [Physiological changes during pregnancy]. Sevil Ü, Ertem G, editörler. Perinatoloji ve Bakım. 1. Baskı. İzmir: Ankara Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri; 2016. p.101-26.
- Kömürcü N, Doğan Merih Y. Antenatal bakım [Antenatal care]. Coşkun AM, editör. Kadın Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Hemşireliği El Kitabı. 1. Baskı. İstanbul: Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları; 2012. p.133-69.
- Taşkın L. Gebelikte annenin fizyolojisi. Doğum ve Kadın Sağlığı Hemşireliği. 16. Baskı. Ankara: Akademisyen Kitabevi; 2020. p.87-101.
- Body C, Christie JA. Gastrointestinal diseases in pregnancy: nausea, vomiting, hyperemesis gravidarum, gastroesophageal reflux disease, constipation, and diarrhea. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2016;45(2):267-83. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Can Gürkan Ö. Gebeliğe fizyolojik ve psikolojik uyum II [Physiological and psychological adaptation to pregnancy II] Kömürcü N, editör. Perinatoloji Hemşireliği. 1. Baskı. İstanbul: İstanbul Sağlık Müdürlüğü Yayınları; 2010. p.107-22.
- Çetin FC, Demirci N, Çalık KY, Akıncı AÇ. [Common physical complaints during pregnancy]. Zeynep Kâmil Tıp Bülteni. 2017;48(4);135-41. [Link]
- Özçelik G, Karaçam Z. [Common symptoms, health problems, risk factors, and relationships with their ouality of life during the pregnancy]. Ege Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Dergisi. 2014;30(3):1-18. [Link]
- Yanıkkerem E, Altıparmak S, Karadeniz G. [The determination of the pyhsical health problems experienced during pregnancy]. Aile ve Toplum Eğitim Kültür ve Araştırma Derg. 2006;3(10):35-42. [Link]
- Adams J. Growing popularity of complementary and alternative medicine during pregnancy and implications for healthcare providers. Expert Review of Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2011;6(4):365-66. [Crossref]
- Kalder M, Knoblauch K, Hrgovic I, Münstedt K. Use of complementary and alternative medicine during pregnancy and delivery. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2011;283(3):475-82. [PubMed]
- Savona-Ventura C, Mahmood T. EBCOG position statement about the use of herbal medication during pregnancy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2020;244:38-9. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Steel A, Adams J, Sibbritt D. Complementary and alternative medicine in pregnancy: a systematic review. Journal of the Australian Traditional Medicine Society. 2011;17(4):205-9. [Link]
- Hall HG, Griffiths DL, McKenna LG. The use of complementary and alternative medicine by pregnant women: a literature review. Midwifery. 2011;27(6):817-24. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Yazdi N, Salehi A, Vojoud M, Sharifi MH, Hoseinkhani A. Use of complementary and alternative medicine in pregnant women: A cross-sectional survey in the south of Iran. J Integr Med. 2019;17(6):392-5. [PubMed]
- Hwang JH, Kim YR, Ahmed M, Choi S, Al-Hammadi NQ, Widad NM, et al. Use of complementary and alternative medicine in pregnancy: a cross-sectional survey on Iraqi women. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2016;7;16:191. [PubMed] [PMC]
- Hall HR, Jolly K. Women's use of complementary and alternative medicines during pregnancy: a cross-sectional study. Midwifery. 2014;30(5):499-505. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Yusof J, Mahdy ZA, Noor RM. Use of complementary and alternative medicine in pregnancy and its impact on obstetric outcome. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2016;25:155-63. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Mu-oz Balbontín Y, Stewart D, Shetty A, Fitton CA, McLay JS. Herbal medicinal product use during pregnancy and the postnatal period: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;133(5):920-32. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Pallivalapila AR, Stewart D, Shetty A, Pande B, Singh R, McLay JS. Use of complementary and alternative medicines during the third trimester. Obstet Gynecol. 2015;125(1):204-11. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Holden SC, Gardiner P, Birdee G, Davis RB, Yeh GY. [Complementary and alternative medicine use among women during pregnancy and childbearing years.] Birth. 2015;42:261-9. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Bayisa B, Tatiparthi R, Mulisa E. Use of herbal medicine among pregnant women on antenatal care at nekemte hospital, Western ethiopia. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod. 2014;15;9(4):e17368. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Pallivalappila AR, Stewart D, Shetty A, Pande B, Singh R, Mclay JS. Complementary and alternative medicine use during early pregnancy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2014;181:251-5. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Kennedy DA, Lupattelli A, Koren G, Nordeng H. Herbal medicine use in pregnancy: results of a multinational study. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2013;13:355. [PubMed] [PMC]
- Frawley J, Adams J, Sibbritt D, Steel A, Broom A, Gallois C. Prevalence and determinants of complementary and alternative medicine use during pregnancy: results from a nationally representative sample of Australian pregnant women. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2013;53(4):347-52. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Bishop JL, Northstone K, Green JR, Thompson EA. The use of complementary and alternative medicine in pregnancy: data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Complement Ther Med. 2011;19(6):303-10. [PubMed]
- Broussard CS, Louik C, Honein MA, Mitchell AA; National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Herbal use before and during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2010;202(5):443.e1-6. [PubMed]
- Forster DA, Denning A, Wills G, Bolger M, McCarthy E. Herbal medicine use during pregnancy in a group of Australian women. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2006;19;6:21. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Koç Z, Sağlam Z, Topatan S. Determination of the usage of complementary and alternative medicine among pregnant women in the Northern Region of Turkey. Collegian. 2017;24(6):533-9. [Crossref]
- Kıssal A, Çevik Güner Ü, Batkın Ertürk D. Use of herbal product among pregnant women in Turkey. Complement Ther Med. 2017;30:54-60. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Tel Adıgüzel K, Samur G, Ede G, Keskin U, Yenen MC. [Determination of vitamin, mineral and herbal supplements usage status in pregnancy]. Bes Diy Derg. 2015;43(2):94-9. [Link]
- Jewell D, Young G. Interventions for nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(4):CD000145. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(9):CD000145. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Chitty A. Review of evidence: complementary therapies in pregnancy. New Dig. 2009;46:20-6. [Link]
- National Institute For Healthand Care Excellence [Internet]. ©NICE 2020. Antenatal care: routine care for the healthy pregnant woman clinical guideline. Nursing Times; 2008. Available from: (Erişim tarihi: 20.04.2021). [Link]
- Wilkinson JM. What do we know about herbal morning sickness treatments? A literature survey. Midwifery. 2000;16(3):224-8. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Göktürk Ö, Uçan Yarkaç F. [The relationship between periodontal status and oral health-related quality of life in pregnancy]. Turkiye Klinikleri J Dental Sci. 2019;25(1):34-42. [Crossref]
- Hacettepe Üniversitesi Nüfus Etütleri Enstitüsü. 2018 Türkiye Nüfus ve Sağlık Araştırması. T.C. Cumhurbaşkanlığı ve Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı ve TÜBİTAK. Ankara; 2019. [Link]
- Şimşek B, Yazgan Aksoy D, Çalık Başaran N, Taş D, Albasan D, Kalaycı MZ. Mapping traditional and complementary medicine in Turkey. European Journal of Integrative Medicine. 2017;15:68-72. [Crossref]
- Kennedy DA, Lupattelli A, Koren G, Nordeng H. Safety classification of herbal medicines used in pregnancy in a multinational study. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2016;16(1):1-9. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Frawley J, Adams J, Steel A, Broom A, Gallois C, Sibbritt D. Women's use and self-prescription of herbal medicine during pregnancy: an examination of 1,835 pregnant women. Womens Health Issues. 2015;25(4):396-402. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Mothupi MC. Use of herbal medicine during pregnancy among women with access to public healthcare in Nairobi, Kenya: a cross-sectional survey. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2014;4;14:432. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- El-ati IH, Amasha HA. Strategies used by women to alleviate heartburn during pregnancy. J Nurs Heal Sci. 2015;4(5):1-8. [Link]
- Vazquez JC. Heartburn in pregnancy. BMJ Clin Evid. 2015;8;2015:1411. [PubMed] [PMC]
- Monti D. Heartburn in pregnancy- no, your baby won't have more hair! International Jour- nal of Childbirth Education. 2006;21(4):32-3. [Link]
- Thélin CS, Richter JE. Review article: the management of heartburn during pregnancy and lactation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2020;51(4):421-34. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Zielinski R, Searing K, Deibel M. Gastrointestinal distress in pregnancy: prevalence, assessment, and treatment of 5 common minor discomforts. J Perinat Neonatal Nurs. 2015;29(1):23-31. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists [İnternet]. ©Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. [Erişim tarihi: 26.04.2020]. The management of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy and hyperemesis gravidarum. Green-top Guideline No. 69. 2016. Erişim linki:[Link]
- Ding M, Leach M, Bradley H. The effectiveness and safety of ginger for pregnancy-induced nausea and vomiting: a systematic review. Women Birth. 2013;26(1):e26-30. [PubMed]
- Wegrzyniak LJ, Repke JT, Ural SH. Treatment of hyperemesis gravidarum. Rev Obstet Gynecol. 2012;5(2):78-84. [PubMed] [PMC]
- Giacosa A, Morazzoni P, Bombardelli E, Riva A, Bianchi Porro G, Rondanelli M. Can nausea and vomiting be treated with ginger extract? Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2015;19(7):1291-6. [PubMed]
- Helmreich RJ, Shiao SY, Dune LS. Meta-analysis of acustimulation effects on nausea and vomiting in pregnant women. Explore (NY). 2006;2(5):412-21. Erratum in: Explore (NY). 2007;3(2):94. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Verghese TS, Futaba K, Latthe P. Constipation in pregnancy. The Obstet & Gynaecol. 2015;17(2):111-5. [Crossref]
- Christie JA, Rose S. Constipation, Diarrhea, Hemorrhoids and Fecal Incontinence. Pregnancy Pregnancy in Gastrointestinal Disorders. 2007;4-10. [Link]
- Harris J. The forgotten system during pregnancy: women and oral health. International Journal of Childbirth Education. 2017;2(1):43-4. [Link]
- Yang LY, Yates P, Chin CC, Kao TK. Effect of acupressure on thirst in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Blood Press Res. 2010;33(4):260-5. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Bots CP, Brand HS, Veerman EC, Korevaar JC, Valentijn-Benz M, Bezemer PD, et al. Chewing gum and a saliva substitute alleviate thirst and xerostomia in patients on haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2005;20(3):578-84. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Akwagyiram I, Amini P, Bosma ML, Wang N, Gallob J. Efficacy and tolerability of sodium bicarbonate toothpaste in subjects with gingivitis: a 6-month randomized controlled study. Oral Health Prev Dent. 2018;16(5):401-7. [PubMed]
- Mani A. A clinical pilot study to evaluate the efficacy of sea salt based oral rinse in gingivitis patients. International Journal of Experimental Dental Science. 2015;4(2):1-3. [Crossref]
.: İşlem Listesi