Antimikrobiyal direnç [Antimicrobial resistance (AMR)], artan morbidite, mortalite ve tedavi maliyetleriyle ilişkili ekonomik ve sosyal maliyetler nedeniyle önemli bir halk sağlığı sorunudur. AMR artışı, bakteriyel enfeksiyonlara karşı antibiyotik tedavisinden tarihsel olarak önce gelen bakteriyofaj tedavisine olan ilginin yeniden artmasına neden olmuştur. Bakteriyofajlar, Doğu Avrupa'da çeşitli enfeksiyon hastalıklarının tedavisinde 10'larca yıldır başarıyla kullanılmakta olup, bugüne kadar bakteriyofajların yol açtığı herhangi bir ciddi advers etki bildirilmemiştir. Bakteriyofajlar, DNA ya da RNA içeren, insan veya hayvan hücreleri üzerinde herhangi bir olumsuz etkiye neden olmadan bakterileri enfekte ve lize edebilen virüslerdir. Bakteriyel enfeksiyonların tedavisinde, tek başlarına veya antibiyotiklerle kombine hâlde kullanılmaktadır. Ancak kullanılan fajların uluslararası kabul edilmiş resmî kılavuzlarda belirtilen gerekliliklere uygun kalite, etkinlik ve güvenlilik çalışmalarının tamamlanmaması nedeniyle bazı Doğu Avrupa ülkeleri dışında, rutin klinik uygulamaları henüz onaylı değildir. Bakteriyofaj çözeltilerin stabilitesiyle ilgili karşılaşılan sorunları çözmek amacıyla, fajlar dondurarak kurutma (liyofilizasyon) veya püskürterek kurutma yöntemleriyle toz formlarda hazırlanmış, ayrıca lipozomlar, polimerik mikro ve nanopartiküller gibi farklı taşıyıcı sistemler içine enkapsüle edilmiştir. Bu derlemede, faj tedavisi ve güncel durumu özetlenecek, formülasyon ve standardizasyon yönüyle neler gerektiği tartışılacaktır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Antimikrobiyal direnç; bakteriyofaj tedavisi; bakteriyel enfeksiyon; formülasyon
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a significant public health concern due to the economic and social costs associated with increased morbidity, mortality, and treatment costs. The rise of AMR has resulted in an increased interest in bacteriophage therapy, which historically preceded antibiotic treatment against bacterial infections. To date, there have been no reports of serious adverse effects caused by bacteriophages, and they have been used successfully for decades to treat human diseases in Eastern Europe. Bacteriophages (phages) are viruses that contain DNA or RNA that can infect and lysate bacteria without causing any adverse effects on human or animal cells. They are used alone or in combination with antibiotics in the treatment of bacterial infections. However due to the lack of quality, efficacy and safety studies based international regulatory guidelines, phages are not officially approved for clinical applications other than some East European countries. Hence, in order to meet the regulatory requirements, studies demonstrating quality and safety of the phages are needed to be completed. To enhance their stability, phages are freeze-dried (lyophilized) or spray dried to get dry forms or they are encapsulated into delivery systems such as polymeric micro or nanoparticles, and liposomes. In this review, the current bacteriophage therapy will be reviewed and the needs in regard to standardization and formulation of bacteriophage therapy will be discussed.
Keywords: Antimicrobial resistance; bacteriophage therapy; bacterial infection; formulation
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