Objective: In patients who are followed in intensive care unit (ICU), colonization and/or invasive infections with Candida species occur in the presence of various risk factors. Difficulties in diagnosis cause delays in antifungal therapy and this is related with increased mortality. Material and Methods: In this retrospective case control study, patients were classified as colonized, infected and control group and independent risk factors for Candida colonization and invasive Candida infections were evaluated. Patients followed in Anesthesiology-Reanimation and Medical ICUs of Ankara University Ibn-i Sina Hospital between June 2013 and June 2015 were retrospectively screened. A total of 225 patients, who stayed more than 48 hours in ICU, who were non-neutropenic and above 18 years were included. All demographics and risk factors were recorded. Results: Central venous catheter and sepsis/septic shock were found to be the independent risk factors for Candida colonization; presence of central venous catheter, total parenteral nutrition (TPN) use and sepsis/septic shock were found to be the independent risk factors for Candida infection. Conclusion: In high risk patients, early and appropriate antifungal therapy decreases mortality. Therefore, for doctors, who works with intensive care, identifying high risk patients for invasive Candida infections is important. Presence of central venous catheter, sepsis/septic shock and TPN use should be considered in intensive care patients.
Keywords: Critical care; candidiasis; risk factors; antifungal agents
Amaç: Yoğun bakım ünitesi (YBÜ)'nde takip edilen hastalarda çeşitli risk faktörlerinin varlığında Kandida türleri ile kolonizasyon ve enfeksiyon gelişebilmektedir. Tanıdaki gecikme antifungal tedavinin de gecikmesine yol açmakta ve bu durum mortalitede artışla sonuçlanmaktadır. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Çalışma retrospektif vaka kontrol çalışması şeklinde yapılmış olup hastalar kolonize, enfekte ve kontrol grubu olarak ayrılmış Kandida kolonizasyonu ve invaziv Kandida enfeksiyon gelişimi için bağımsız risk faktörleri değerlendirilmiştir. Ankara Üniversitesi İbn-i Sina Hastanesi Anesteziyoloji-Reanimasyon ve Dahiliye YBÜ'de 2013-2015 yılları arasında takip edilen hastalar retrospektif olarak taranmıştır. YBÜ'de en az 48 saat yatışı olan, nötropenik olmayan 18 yaş üzeri toplam 225 hasta çalışmaya alınmıştır. Hastalara ait demografik bilgiler ve risk faktörleri kaydedilmiştir. Bulgular: Santral venöz kateter kullanımı ve sepsis/septik şok Kandida kolonizasyonu için, santral venöz kateter kullanımı, total parenteral nutrisyon (TPN) kullanımı ve sepsis/septik şok ise invaziv Kandida enfeksiyonu için bağımsız risk faktörleri olarak bulundu. Sonuç: Yüksek riskli hastalarda, erken ve uygun antifungal tedavi mortaliteyi azaltmaktadır. Bu nedenle yoğun bakım hastaları ile çalışan hekimler için invaziv Kandida enfeksiyonları için yüksek riskli hastaları belirlemek önemlidir. Santral venöz kateter varlığı, sepsis/septik şok ve TPN kullanımı yoğun bakım hastalarında göz önünde bulundurulmalıdır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Yoğun bakım; kandidiyazis; risk faktörleri; antifungal ajanlar
- Gamacho-Montero J, Díaz-Martín A, Cayuela-Dominguez A. Management of invasive candida infections in non neutropenic critically ill patients from prophylaxis to early therapy. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2008;32 Suppl 2:S137-41. [Crossref]
- Wisplinghoff H, Bischoff T, Tallent SM, Seifert H, Wenzel RP, Edmond MB. Nosocomial bloodstream infections in US hospitals: analysis of 24,179 cases from a prospective nationwide surveillance study. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39(3):309-17. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Bongomin F, Gago S, Oladele R, Denning DW. Global and multi-national prevalence of fungal diseases-estimate precision. J Fungi (Basel). 2017;3(4):57. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Hilmioğlu-Polat S, Seyedmousavi S, Ilkit M, Hedayati M, Inci R, Tumbay E, et al. Estimated burden of serious human fungal diseases in Turkey. Mycoses. 2019;62(1):22-31. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Edwards JE. Candida species. In: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 8th ed. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier; 2015. p.2879-289.
- Eggimann P, Garbino J, Pittet D. Epidemiology of Candida species infections in critically ill non-immunosupressed patients. Lancet Infect Dis. 2003;3(11):685-70. [Crossref]
- León C, Ruiz-Santana S, Saavedra P, Almirante B, Nolla-Salas J, Álvarez-Lerma F, et al. A bedside scoring system ("Candida score") for early antifungal treatment in nonneutropenic critically ill patients with Candida colonisation. Crit Care Med. 2006;34(3):730-7. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Yapar N. Epidemiology and risk factors for invasive candidiasis. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2014;10:95-105. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Patolia S, Kennedy E, Zahir M, Patolia S, Gulati N, Narendra D, et al. Risk factors for candida blood stream infection in medical ICU and role of colonization-a retrospective study. BJMP. 2013;6(2):a618.
- Leroy O, Gangneux J, Montravers P, Mira J, Gouin F, Sollet J, et al. Epidemiology, management, and risk factors for death of invasive Candida infections in critical care: a multicenter, prospective, observational study in France (2005-2006). Crit Care Med. 2009;37(5):1612-8. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Zaoutis TE, Argon J, Chu J, Berlin JA, Walsh TJ, Feudtner C. The epidemiology and attributable outcomes of candidemia in adults and children hospitalized in the United States: a propensity analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41 (9):1232-9. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Lau AF, Kabir M, Chen SC, Playford EG, Marriott DJ, Jones M, et al. Candida colonization as a risk marker for invasive candidiasis in mixed medical-surgical intensive care units: development and evaluation of a simple, standard protocol. J Clin Microbiol. 2015;53(4): 1324-30. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Akalın H. [Fungal infections]. Yalçın AN, Erbay RH, editörler. Yoğun Bakım Ünitesinde İnfeksiyonlar. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Nobel Tıp Kitapevleri; 2009. p.147-53.
- Guillamet C, Vazquez R, Micek S, Ursu O, Kollef M. Development and validation of a clinical prediction rule for candidemia in hospitalized patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. J Crit Care. 2015;30(4):715-20. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- León C, Ruiz-Santana S, Saavedra P, Galván B, Blanco A, Castro C, et al. Usefulness of the "Candida score" for discriminating between Candida colonization and invasive candidiasis in non-neutropenic critically ill patients: a prospective multicenter study. Crit Care Med. 2009;37(5):1624-33. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Pittet D, Monod M, Suter PM, Frenk E, Auchkenthaler R. Candida colonization and subsequent infection in critically ill surgical patients. Ann Surg. 1994;220(6):751-8. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Basetti M, Mikulska M, Viscoli C. Bench-to-bedside review: therapeutic management of invasive candidiasis in the intensive care unit. Crit Care. 2010;14(6):244. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Blumberg HM, Jarvis WR, Soucie JM, Edwards JE, Patterson JE, Pfaller MA, et al; National Epidemiology of Mycoses Survey (NEMIS) Study Group. Risk factors for candidal bloodstream infections in surgical intensive care unit patients the NEMIS prospective multicenter study. The National Epidemiology of Mycoses Survey. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;33(2):177-86. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Ergin F, Tülek NE, Yetkin MA, Bulut C, Oral B, Tuncer Ertem G. [Evaluation of Candida colonization in intensive care unit patients and the use of Candida colonization index]. Mikrobiyol Bul. 2013;47(2):305-17. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Yenigün Koçak B, Kuloğlu F, Doğan Çelik A, Akata F. [Evaluation of epidemiological characteristics and risk factors of candidemia in adult patients in a Tertiary-Care Hospital]. Mikrobiyol Bul. 2011;45(3):489-503.
- Richet H, Roux P, Des Champs C, Esnault Y, Andremont A; French Candidemia Study Group. Candidemia in French hospitals: incidence rates and characteristics. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2002;8(7):405-12. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Gudlaugsson O, Gillespie S, Lee K, Vande Berg J, Hu J, Messer S, et al. Atributable mortality of nosocomial candidemia, revisited. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;37(9):1172-7. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Andes DR, Safdar N, Baddley JW, Playford G, Reboli AC, Rex JH, et al; Mycoses Study Group. Impact of treatment strategy on outcomes in patients with candidemia and other forms of invasive candidiasis: a patient-level quantitative review of randomized trials. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54(8):1110-22. [Crossref] [PubMed]
.: İşlem Listesi