Bilişsel işlev bozukluğu, epilepsili hastalarda sıklıkla görülen komorbid hastalıklardan biridir. Bilişsel işlev bozukluğuna sahip hastaların yönetimi zordur ve bu hastaların yaşam kalitesinde sıklıkla bozulmaya yol açar. Bu durum, bazen nöbetlerin kendisinden daha yıpratıcı olabilir. Çoğunlukla bu bilişsel bozukluklar multifaktöriyeldir. Epilepsili hastalarda bilişsel bozukluğun nedeni tam olarak anlaşılamamış olsa da bilinen faktörler arasında altta yatan etiyolojik nedenler, nöbetlerin kendisi, ilaç tedavisinin yan etkileri ve psikososyokültürel sebepler yer alır. Bu sebeplerden dolayı antinöbet ilaçlar (ANİ), davranışsal ve bilişsel fonksiyonlara çoğunlukla olumsuz nadiren de olumlu şekilde önemli katkılarda bulunur. ANİ tedavisi sırasında gözlenen en yaygın santral sinir sistemi yan etkileri sedasyon, uyku hâli, dikkat dağınıklığı, uykusuzluk ve baş dönmesidir. Bilişsel yan etki riskini artıran en önemli faktörler ise çoklu ANİ kullanımı, yüksek ANİ dozu ve artan serum ilaç seviyeleridir. Olumsuz bilişsel etkiler, en düşük etkili doza yavaş titrasyonla ve politerapiden kaçınarak önlenebilir. Bu yüzden klinisyenler; hastaların ihtiyaçlarına göre en iyi bilişsel ve davranışsal profile sahip ANİ'leri seçip, uygun doz ve titrasyonla başlayarak ve nöropsikolojik testleri kullanarak bilişsel işlevi değerlendirip yan etkilere karşı uyanık olmalıdır. Nöropsikolojik izleme; epilepsili çocuklarda bireysel tıbbi bakımı iyileştirmek, öğrenme güçlüklerini ve sosyal sorunları önlemek için gereklidir. Bu derlemede, epilepsili çocuklarda klasik ve yeni kuşak ANİ'lerin bilişsel fonksiyonlar üzerine olan etkileri detaylı olarak değerlendirilecektir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Antinöbet ilaçlar; epilepsi; bilişsel fonksiyonlar; çocuk
Cognitive dysfunction is one of the comorbid diseases frequently seen in patients with epilepsy. Patients with cognitive dysfunction are difficult to manage and often lead to deterioration in their quality of life. This can sometimes be more devastating than the seizures themselves. Often these cognitive impairments are multifactorial. Although the cause of cognitive impairment in patients with epilepsy is not fully understood, known factors include underlying etiological causes, seizures themselves, side effects of drug therapy, and psychosociocultural causes. For these reasons, anti-seizure medications make significant contributions to behavioral and cognitive functions, mostly negatively, but rarely positively. The most common central nervous system side effects observed during antiseizure medication therapy are sedation, drowsiness, distraction, insomnia, and dizziness. The most important factors that increase the risk of cognitive side effects are; multiple anti-seizure medication use, high anti-seizure medication dose, and increased serum drug levels. Adverse cognitive effects can be avoided by slow titration to the lowest effective dose and avoiding polytherapy. Therefore, clinicians should be alert to side effects by selecting anti-seizure medications with the best cognitive and behavioral profile according to their needs, starting with the appropriate dose and titration, and evaluating cognitive function using neuropsychological tests. Neuropsychological monitoring is necessary to improve individual medical care in children with epilepsy and to prevent learning difficulties and social problems. In this review, the effects of classical and new generation anti-seizure medications on cognitive functions will be evaluated in detail in children with epilepsy.
Keywords: Anti-seizures medications; epilepsy; cognitive functions; child
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