Aerobik aktivite, zihinsel sağlığın gelişimi için güçlü bir uyarıcı olarak kabul edilmektedir. Egzersizin beyinde öğrenme veya yeni deneyimlerle oluşanlardan daha farklı, spesifik değişiklikler oluşturduğu ortaya konulmuştur. Araştırmada, aerobik egzersiz protokollerinin bilişsel performans üzerindeki değişimlerini ortaya koyan araştırmaların derinlemesine incelenecek olması ve ilaveten egzersiz ve biliş ilişkinin altında yatan fizyolojik mekanizmaların irdelenecek olması, gelecekte yapılacak araştırmalar için önemli bir referans kaynağı olabilir. Araştırma, geleneksel derleme olarak planlanmış ve ortaya konmuştur. Geleneksel derlemeler, belirli bir konuda yayımlanmış 2 veya daha fazla çalışma üzerinde inceleme yapılarak bulgu, sonuç ve değerlendirmelerini sentezleyen, belirli bir yöntem izlenmeksizin, farklı yollarla ve farklı kaynaklardan elde edilen bilgilerin derlendiği çalışmalardır. Aerobik egzersiz formlarından hem akut hem de kronik antrenman formunun yürütücü işlevler üzerinde olumlu etkilerinin olduğunu gösteren birçok araştırmanın olduğu görülmektedir. Ancak, aerobik egzersizin yönetici işlevlere etkisi üzerinde henüz bilinmeyen birçok durumun olduğu da aşikârdır. Dolayısıyla, özellikle egzersiz süresi, sıklığı, yoğunluğu gibi değişkenlerin dikkate alınarak yapılacak araştırmalara ihtiyaç olduğu düşünülmektedir. Bununla birlikte; çocuklar ve gençlerde fiziksel aktivite, egzersiz, oyun ya da beden eğitimi aktivitelerine katılımın fiziksel performans unsurlarının gelişimi dışında bilişsel süreçlere de katkısı olduğunun ortaya konması, fiziksel aktivitelere katılım oranını artmasına katkı sağlayabilir. Bu durumun da, araştırmanın önemini artıran unsurlardan biri olduğu düşünülmektedir. Bu noktada; araştırmanın konuya ilgi duyan akademisyenlerin yapılmış araştırmalar ile ilgili güncel bulguları inceleyerek, yeni fikirler ortaya koyması ve araştırma tasarlaması açısından yararlı olabileceği düşünülmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Egzersiz; aerobik yapı; kognitif fonksiyonlar; çocuklar; adölesanlar
Aerobic activity is recognized as a powerful stimulant of the development for mental health. It has been revealed that exercise creates specific changes in the brain that are different from those that occur with learning or new experiences. The research will be an important reference source for future research, as the studies that reveal the changes of aerobic exercise protocols on cognitive performance will be examined in depth and additionally, the physiological mechanisms underlying the relationship between exercise and cognition will be examined. The research has been planned and put forward as a traditional review. Traditional reviews are studies that synthesize findings, results, and evaluations by examining 2 or more published studies on a particular topic, in which information obtained in different ways and from different sources is compiled without following a specific method. It is seen that there are many studies showing that both acute and chronic forms of aerobic exercise have positive effects on executive functions. However, it is obvious that there are many unknown conditions on the effect of aerobic exercise on executive functions. Therefore, it is thought that there is a need for researches that will take into account the variables such as exercise duration, frequency and intensity. In addition to this; demonstrating that participation in physical activity, exercise, games or physical education activities in children and young people contributes to cognitive processes besides the development of physical performance elements may contribute to an increase in the rate of participation in physical activities. This situation is also thought to be one of the factors that increase the importance of the research. At this point; it is thought that the research may be useful for academics who are interested in the subject to examine the current findings related to the research done, put forward new ideas, and design research.
Keywords: Exercise; aerobic structure; cognitive functions; children; adolescents
- Tuzcu GF. Kesintili ve kesintisiz egzersiz yöntemlerinin bilişsel işlevler, risk alma, çalışma belleği ve dikkat üzerindeki etkilerinin bilişsel testler ve işlevsel yakın kızılötesi spektroskopi ölçümü ile araştırılması. [Uzmanlık tezi]. İzmir: Ege Üniversitesi Fizyoloji Ana Bilim Dalı; 2018. Erişim tarihi: 01.02.2022. Erişim linki: [Link]
- Drigny J, Gremeaux V, Dupuy O, Gayda M, Bherer L, Juneau M, et al. Effect of interval training on cognitive functioning and cerebral oxygenation in obese patients: a pilot study. J Rehabil Med. 2014;46(10):1050-4. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Lillard AS, Drell MB, Richey EM, Boguszewski K, Smith ED. Further examination of the immediate impact of television on children's executive function. Dev Psychol. 2015;51(6):792-805. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Linebarger DL, Barr R, Lapierre MA, Piotrowski JT. Associations between parenting, media use, cumulative risk, and children's executive functioning. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2014;35(6):367-77. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Sedentary Behaviour Research Network. Letter to the editor: standardized use of the terms "sedentary" and "sedentary behaviours". Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2012;37(3):540-2. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Diamond A. Close interrelation of motor development and cognitive development and of the cerebellum and prefrontal cortex. Child Dev. 2000;71(1):44-56. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Mullen SP, Hall PA. Editorial: physical activity, self-regulation, and executive control across the lifespan. Front Hum Neurosci. 2015;9:614. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Farina N, Rusted J, Tabet N. The effect of exercise interventions on cognitive outcome in Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review. Int Psychogeriatr. 2014;26(1):9-18. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Galimberti D, Scarpini E. Treatment of Alzheimer's disease: symptomatic and disease-modifying approaches. Curr Aging Sci. 2010;3(1):46-56. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Haskell WL, Lee IM, Pate RR, Powell KE, Blair SN, Franklin BA, et al. Physical activity and public health: updated recommendation for adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;39(8):1423-34. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Ankaralı S, Bayramlar Z. Aerobik kapasite ve bilişsel performans ilişkisi [The relationship between aerobic capacity and cognitive performance]. Anatol Clin. 2019;24(2):159-69. [Crossref]
- Thomas AG, Dennis A, Bandettini PA, Johansen-Berg H. The effects of aerobic activity on brain structure. Front Psychol. 2012;3:86. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Black JE, Isaacs KR, Anderson BJ, Alcantara AA, Greenough WT. Learning causes synaptogenesis, whereas motor activity causes angiogenesis, in cerebellar cortex of adult rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990;87(14):5568-72. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Yılmaz KY. Sosyal bilimlerde ve eğitim bilimlerinde sistematik derleme, meta değerlendirme ve bibliyometrik analizler [Systematic review, meta evaluation, and bibliometric analysis in social sciences and educational sciences]. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi. 2021;10(2):1457-90. [Crossref]
- Karaçam Z. Sistematik derleme metodolojisi: Sistematik derleme hazırlamak için bir rehber [Systematic review methodology: a guide for preparation of systematic review]. DEUHYO ED. 2013;6(1):26-33. [Link]
- Ata B, Urman, B. Sistematik derlemelerin kritik analizi [Critical appraisal of systematic reviews]. J Turk Soc Obstet Gynecol. 2008;5(4):233-40. [Link]
- Davies P. The relevance of systematic reviews to educational policy and practice. Oxford Review of Education. 2000;26(3-4):365-78. [Crossref]
- Efron SE, Ravid R. Writing the Literature Review: A Practical Guide. 1st ed. New York: The Guilford Press; 2009.
- van den Berg V, Saliasi E, Jolles J, de Groot RHM, Chinapaw MJM, Singh AS. Exercise of varying durations: no acute effects on cognitive performance in adolescents. Front Neurosci. 2018;12:672. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Drollette ES, Shishido T, Pontifex MB, Hillman CH. Maintenance of cognitive control during and after walking in preadolescent children. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012;44(10):2017-24. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Cooper SB, Bandelow S, Nute ML, Morris JG, Nevill ME. Exercise and cognitive function: time course of the effects. Int J Soc Behav Edu Econ Manage. 2013;7:1657-62. [Link]
- Kubesh S, Walk L, Spitzer M, Kammer T, Lainburg A, Heim R, et al. A 30-minute physical education program improves students' executive attention. Mind Brain Educ. 2009;3:235-42. [Crossref]
- Chen AG, Yan J, Yin HC, Pan CY, Chang YK. Effects of acute aerobic exercise on multiple aspects of executive function in preadolescent children. Psychol Sport Exerc. 2004;15:627-36. [Crossref]
- Howie EK, Schatz J, Pate RR. Acute effects of classroom exercise breaks on executive function and math performance: a dose-response study. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2015;86(3):217-24. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Maeda JK. Can academic success come from five minutes of physical activity? Brock Education, 2003;13(1):14-22. [Crossref]
- Etnier JL, Salazar W, Landers DM, Petruzzello SJ, Han M, Nowell P. The influence of physical fitness and exercise upon cognitive functioning: a meta-analysis. J Sport Exerc Psychol. 1997;19(3):249-77. [Crossref]
- Verburgh L, Königs M, Scherder EJ, Oosterlaan J. Physical exercise and executive functions in preadolescent children, adolescents and young adults: a meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48(12):973-9. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Ludyga S, Gerber M, Brand S, Holsboer-Trachsler E, Pühse U. Acute effects of moderate aerobic exercise on specific aspects of executive function in different age and fitness groups: a meta-analysis. Psychophysiology. 2016;53(11):1611-26. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Budde H, Voelcker-Rehage C, Pietrassyk-Kendziorra S, Machado S, Ribeiro P, Arafat AM. Steroid hormones in the saliva of adolescents after different exercise intensities and their influence on working memory in a school setting. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2010;35(3):382-91. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Cooper SB, Bandelow S, Nute ML, Dring KJ, Stannard RL, Morris JG, et al. Sprint-based exercise and cognitive function in adolescents. Prev Med Rep. 2016;4:155-61. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Tomporowski PD, Davis CL, Miller PH, Naglieri JA. Exercise and children's intelligence, cognition, and academic achievement. Educ Psychol Rev. 2008;20(2):111-31. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Coles K, Tomporowski PD. Effects of acute exercise on executive processing, short-term and long-term memory. J Sports Sci. 2008;26(3):333-44. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Kubesch S, Bretschneider V, Freudenmann R, Weidenhammer N, Lehmann M, Spitzer M, et al. Aerobic endurance exercise improves executive functions in depressed patients. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003;64(9):1005-12. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Bayar P, Çakaloğlu E. Çocuklar üzerinde yapılan çalışmalar çerçevesinde aerobik egzersiz, fiziksel aktivite ve yönetici işlevler [Aerobic exercise, physical activity and executive functions in the framework of studies on children]. Spormetre Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi. 2018;16(2):6-15. [Crossref]
- Jäger K, Schmidt M, Conzelmann A, Roebers CM. The effects of qualitatively different acute physical activity interventions in real-world settings on executive functions in preadolescent children. Mental Health and Physical Activity. 2015;9:1-9. [Crossref]
- Best JR. Exergaming immediately enhances children's executive function. Dev Psychol. 2012;48(5):1501-10. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Vazou S, Smiley-Oyen A. Moving and academic learning are not antagonists: acute effects on executive function and enjoyment. J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2014;36(5):474-85. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Lambrick D, Stoner L, Grigg R, Faulkner J. Effects of continuous and intermittent exercise on executive function in children aged 8-10 years. Psychophysiology. 2016;53(9):1335-42. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Chu CH, Kramer AF, Song TF, Wu CH, Hung TM, Chang YK. Acute exercise and neurocognitive development in preadolescents and young adults: an ERP study. Neural Plast. 2017;2017:2631909. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Chen AG, Zhu LN, Yan J, Yin HC. Neural basis of working memory enhancement after acute aerobic exercise: fMRI study of preadolescent children. Front Psychol. 2016;7:1804. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Donnelly JE, Hillman CH, Castelli D, Etnier JL, Lee S, Tomporowski P, et al; This summary was written for the American College of Sports Medicine by. Physical activity, fitness, cognitive function, and academic achievement in children: a systematic review. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2016;48(6):1223-4. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Li JW, O'Connor H, O'Dwyer N, Orr R. The effect of acute and chronic exercise on cognitive function and academic performance in adolescents: a systematic review. J Sci Med Sport. 2017;20(9):841-8. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- van den Berg V, Saliasi E, de Groot RHM, Chinapaw MJM, Singh AS. Improving cognitive performance of 9-12 years old children: just dance? A randomized controlled trial. Front Psychol. 2019;10:174. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Costigan SA, Eather N, Plotnikoff RC, Hillman CH, Lubans DR. High-intensity interval training for cognitive and mental health in adolescents. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2016;48(10):1985-93. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Ludyga S, Gerber M, Kamijo K, Brand S, Pühse U. The effects of a school-based exercise program on neurophysiological indices of working memory operations in adolescents. J Sci Med Sport. 2018;21(8):833-8. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Ludyga S, Gerber M, Herrmann C, Brand S, Pühse U. Chronic effects of exercise implemented during school-break time on neurophysiological indices of inhibitory control in adolescents. Trends Neurosci. Educ. 2018a;10:1-7. [Crossref]
- Tarp J, Domazet SL, Froberg K, Hillman CH, Andersen LB, Bugge A. Effectiveness of a school-based physical activity intervention on cognitive performance in danish adolescents: lcomotion-learning, cognition and motion-a cluster randomized controlled trial. PLoS One. 2016;11(6):e0158087. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Hillman CH, Pontifex MB, Castelli DM, Khan NA, Raine LB, Scudder MR, et al. Effects of the FITKids randomized controlled trial on executive control and brain function. Pediatrics. 2014;134(4):e1063-71. [PubMed] [PMC]
- Fisher A, Boyle JM, Paton JY, Tomporowski P, Watson C, McColl JH, et al. Effects of a physical education intervention on cognitive function in young children: randomized controlled pilot study. BMC Pediatr. 2011;11:97. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- de Greeff JW, Hartman E, Mullender-Wijnsma MJ, Bosker RJ, Doolaard S, Visscher C. Long-term effects of physically active academic lessons on physical fitness and executive functions in primary school children. Health Educ Res. 2016;31(2):185-94. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Chaddock L, Pontifex MB, Hillman CH, Kramer AF. A review of the relation of aerobic fitness and physical activity to brain structure and function in children. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2011;17(6):975-85. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Guiney H, Machado L. Benefits of regular aerobic exercise for executive functioning in healthy populations. Psychon Bull Rev. 2013;20(1):73-86. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Etnier JL, Nowell PM, Landers DM, Sibley BA. A meta-regression to examine the relationship between aerobic fitness and cognitive performance. Brain Res Rev. 2006;52(1):119-30. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Dishman RK, Berthoud HR, Booth FW, Cotman CW, Edgerton VR, Fleshner MR, et al. Neurobiology of exercise. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2006;14(3):345-56. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Hillman CH, Erickson KI, Kramer AF. Be smart, exercise your heart: exercise effects on brain and cognition. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2008;9(1):58-65. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Koutsandréou F, Wegner M, Niemann C, Budde H. Effects of motor versus cardiovascular exercise training on children's working memory. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2016;48(6):1144-52. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Khan NA, Hillman CH. The relation of childhood physical activity and aerobic fitness to brain function and cognition: a review. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 2014;26(2):138-46. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Diamond A. Executive functions. Annu Rev Psychol. 2013;64:135-68. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Chaddock-Heyman L, Erickson KI, Kienzler C, King M, Pontifex MB, Raine LB, et al. The role of aerobic fitness in cortical thickness and mathematics achievement in preadolescent children. PLoS One. 2015;10(8):e0134115. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Budde H, Machado S, Ribeiro P, Wegner M. The cortisol response to exercise in young adults. Front Behav Neurosci. 2015;9:13. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Erickson KI, Voss MW, Prakash RS, Basak C, Szabo A, Chaddock L, et al. Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011;108(7):3017-22. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Rooks CR, Thom NJ, McCully KK, Dishman RK. Effects of incremental exercise on cerebral oxygenation measured by near-infrared spectroscopy: a systematic review. Prog Neurobiol. 2010;92(2):134-50. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Tsujii T, Komatsu K, Sakatani K. Acute effects of physical exercise on prefrontal cortex activity in older adults: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study. Oxygen Transport To Tissue XXXIV. 1st ed. New York: Springer; 2013. p.293-8. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Coetsee C, Terblanche E. Cerebral oxygenation during cortical activation: the differential influence of three exercise training modalities. A randomized controlled trial. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2017;117(8):1617-27. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Ide K, Secher NH. Cerebral blood flow and metabolism during exercise. Prog Neurobiol. 2000;61(4):397-414. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Dietrich A. Functional neuroanatomy of altered states of consciousness: the transient hypofrontality hypothesis. Conscious Cogn. 2003;12(2):231-56. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Kubitz KA, Pothakos K. Does aerobic exercise decrease brain activation? J Sport Exerc Psychol. 1997;19(3):291-301. [Crossref]
- Chang YK, Labban JD, Gapin JI, Etnier JL. The effects of acute exercise on cognitive performance: a meta-analysis. Brain Res. 2012;1453:87-101. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Shibuya K, Tanaka J, Kuboyama N, Ogaki T. Cerebral oxygenation during intermittent supramaximal exercise. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2004;140(2):165-72. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- González-Alonso J, Dalsgaard MK, Osada T, Volianitis S, Dawson EA, Yoshiga CC, et al. Brain and central haemodynamics and oxygenation during maximal exercise in humans. J Physiol. 2004;557(Pt 1):331-42. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Bhambhani Y, Malik R, Mookerjee S. Cerebral oxygenation declines at exercise intensities above the respiratory compensation threshold. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2007;156(2):196-202. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Chaddock L, Erickson KI, Prakash RS, Kim JS, Voss MW, Vanpatter M, et al. A neuroimaging investigation of the association between aerobic fitness, hippocampal volume, and memory performance in preadolescent children. Brain Res. 2010;1358:172-83. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Fernandez AM, Torres-Alemán I. The many faces of insulin-like peptide signalling in the brain. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2012;13(4):225-39. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Luck SJ. An Introduction to the Event-Related Potential Technique. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development. 1st ed. Vol. 78. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press; 2005. [Crossref]
- Maddock RJ, Casazza GA, Fernandez DH, Maddock MI. Acute modulation of cortical glutamate and GABA content by physical activity. J Neurosci. 2016;36(8):2449-57. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
.: İşlem Listesi