Doğum ağrısı, insan vücudunun en akut ağrısıdır. Diğer birçok ağrı kaynağının aksine patolojik bir durum değil, normal fizyolojik sürecin bir parçasıdır. Doğum ağrısı, sadece fizyolojik ve anatomik faktörlerden değil, aynı zamanda psikolojik ve sosyokültürel faktörlerden de etkilenir. Doğum eylemi esnasında yönetilmeyen ağrı, gebelerin doğum memnuniyetini azaltmakta, olumsuz doğum deneyimi yaşamalarına sebep olmakta ve doğum tercihlerini etkilemektedir. Doğum ağrısından korkan gebeler, genellikle sezaryen doğumu tercih etmektedir. Etkili doğum ağrısı yönetimi bakımının önemli bir parçasıdır. Doğum ağrısının yönetiminde pek çok nonfarmakolojik yöntem kullanılmaktadır ve bunlardan birisi de masajdır. Bu uygulama, gebe kadınla iş birliği içerisinde genellikle hemşire ve ebeler tarafından uygulanmaktadır. Bu nedenle hemşirelere ve ebelere doğum ağrısının yönetiminde kullanılabilecek nonfarmakolojik yöntemler hakkında verilecek her tür güncel bilgi önemlidir. Bu derleme, doğum ağrısı algısını azaltmak amacıyla uygulanan masajın etkinliği hakkında güncel bilgiler sunmak ve doğum sürecindeki gebelere uygulanacak bakımda masajın kullanılmasına katkı sağlamak amacıyla kaleme alınmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Doğum; doğum ağrısı; masaj; etkinlik
Birth pain is the most acute pain of the human body. Unlike many other sources of pain, it is not a pathological condition, but a part of the normal physiological process. Birth pain is affected not only by physiological and anatomical factors, but also by psychological and socio-cultural factors. Unmanaged pain during labor reduces the birth satisfaction of pregnant women, causes them to have negative birth experience and affects their birth preferences. Pregnant women who are afraid of birth pain generally prefer cesarean delivery. It is an important part of effective birth pain management care. Many non-pharmacological methods are used in the management of birth pain and one of them is massage. This practice is generally implemented by nurses and midwives in cooperation with pregnant women. For this reason, all kinds of up-to-date information about non-pharmacological methods that can be used to manage nurses and midwives is important. This review was written to provide current information about the effectiveness of massage applied to reduce the perception of birth pain and to contribute to the use of massage in the care to be applied to pregnant women in the birth process.
Keywords: Labor; labor pain; massage; efficiency
- Khaskheli M, Baloch S. Subjective pain perceptions during labour and its management. J Pak Med Assoc. 2010;60(6):473-6. [PubMed]
- Koyyalamudi V, Sidhu G, Cornett EM, Nguyen V, Labrie-Brown C, Fox CJ, et al. New labor pain treatment options. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2016;20(2):11. [PubMed]
- Lally JE, Thomson RG, MacPhail S, Exley C. Pain relief in labour: a qualitative study to determine how to support women to make decisions about pain relief in labour. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2014;8;14:6. [PubMed] [PMC]
- Hosseini SE, Asadi N, Zareei F. Investigating The effect of massage therapy on labor in the active stage of first labor. Iran J Nurs Res. 2014;9(1):25-32. [Link]
- Gönenç İM, Terzioglu F. [The effect of massage and acupressure on pregnant women anxiety level]. Ankara Health Sciences Journal. 2012;1(3):129-43. [Link]
- Taghinejad H, Delpisheh A, Suhrabi Z. Comparison between massage and music therapies to relieve the severity of labor pain. Womens Health (Lond). 2010;6(3):377-81. [PubMed]
- Hajiamini Z, Masoud SN, Ebadi A, Mahboubh A, Matin AA. Comparing the effects of ice massage and acupressure on labor pain reduction. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2012;18(3):169-72. [PubMed]
- Poppendieck W, Wegmann M, Ferrauti A, Kellmann M, Pfeiffer M, Meyer T. Massage and performance recovery: a meta-analytical review. Sports Med. 2016;46(2):183-204. [PubMed]
- Beck MF. Theory and Practice of Therapeutic Massage. 4th ed. Florence, KY: Cengage Learning; 2005.
- Ferrell-Torry AT, Glick OJ. The use of therapeutic massage as a nursing intervention to modify anxiety and the perception of cancer pain. Cancer Nurs. 1993;16(2):93-101. [PubMed]
- Nunes GS, Bender PU, de Menezes FS, Yamashitafuji I, Vargas VZ, Wageck B. Massage therapy decreases pain and perceived fatigue after long-distance Ironman triathlon: a randomised trial. J Physiother. 2016;62(2):83-7. [PubMed]
- Kimber L, McNabb M, Mc Court C, Haines A, Brocklehurst P. Massage or music for pain relief in labour: a pilot randomised placebo controlled trial. Eur J Pain. 2008;12(8):961-9. [PubMed]
- Susanti I, Anggraini D, Purwaningsih A. Touch and massage on labor pain intensity during first stage of active phase. Jurnal INJEC. 2020;5(1):76-81. [Link]
- Cherkin DC, Sherman KJ, Kahn J, Wellman R, Cook AJ, Johnson E, et al. A comparison of the effects of 2 types of massage and usual care on chronic low back pain: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2011;5;155(1):1-9. [PubMed] [PMC]
- Field T. Massage therapy research review. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2016;24:19-31. [PubMed] [PMC]
- Engen DJ, Wahner-Roedler DL, Nadolny AM, Persinger CM, Oh JK, Spittell PC, et al. The effect of chair massage on muscular discomfort in cardiac sonographers: a pilot study. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2010;10:50. [Link]
- Türkmen H, Oran NT. [The effects of heat applications on labor pain: a systematic review]. Koç Üniversitesi Hemşirelikte Eğitim ve Araştırma Dergisi. 2019;16(3):225-33. [Link]
- Committee on Obstetric Practice. Committee Opinion No. 687: approaches to limit intervention during labor and birth. Obstet Gynecol. 2017;129(2):e20-e8. [PubMed]
- Melzack R. Pain--an overview. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1999;43(9):880-4. [PubMed]
- Gonzalez MN, Trehan G, Kamel I. Pain management during labor part 1: pathophysiology of labor pain and maternal evaluation for labor analgesia. Topics in Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2016;36(11):1. [Link]
- Lowdermilk DL, Perry SE, Bobak IM. Maternity Women's Health Care. 6th ed. United State of America: Mosby Inc; 1997.
- Santana LS, Gallo RBS, Ferreira CHJ, Duarte G, Quintana SM, Marcolin AC. Transcutaneous elektrical nerve stimulation (TENS) reduces pain and postpones the need for pharmacological analgesia during labour: a randomised trial. Journal of Physiotherapy. 2016;62(1):29-34. [Link]
- Bergstrom L, Richards L, Morse JM, Roberts J. How caregivers manage pain and distress in second-stage labor. Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health. 2010;55(1):38-45. [Link]
- Pilewska-Kozak AB, Klaudia P, Celina ŁK, Beata D, Grażyna S, Magdalena B. Non-pharmacological methods of pain relief in labor in the opinion of puerperae- a preliminary report. Annals of Women's Health. 2017;1(1):1-4. [Link]
- 2018 Türkiye nüfus ve sağlık araştırması. Yayın No: NEE-HÜ.19.01. Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi Nüfus Etütleri Enstitüsü; 2019. [Link]
- Latendresse G. The interaction between chronic stress and pregnancy: preterm birth from a biobehavioral perspective. J Midwifery Womens Health. 2009;54(1):8-17. [Crossref]
- Mohamed MA, Bigawy AF. Effect of back massage and relaxation training on the act of labor: a randomized controlled clinical trial. International Journal of ChemTech Research. 2017;10(2):243-52. [Link]
- Zhang J, Liu Y, Meikle S, Zheng J, Sun W, Li Z. Cesarean delivery on maternal request in southeast China. Obstet Gynecol. 2008;111(5):1077-82. [PubMed]
- Davim RM, Torres Gde V, Melo ES. Non-pharmacological strategies on pain relief during labor: pre-testing of an instrument. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem. 2007;15(6):1150-6. [PubMed]
- Jones L, Othman M, Dowswell T, Alfirevic Z, Gates S, Newburn M, et al. Pain management for women in labour: an overview of systematic reviews. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;14;2012(3):CD009234. [PubMed] [PMC]
- Shahri LM, Abbaspoor Z, Aghel N, Shahri HM. Effect of massage aromatherapy with lavender oil on pain intensity of active phase of labor in nulliparous women. J Med Plants. 2012;11(42 and S9):167-76. [Link]
- Ranjbaran M, Khorsandi M, Matourypour P, Shamsi M. Effect of massage therapy on labor pain reduction in primiparous women: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials in Iran. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2017;22(4):257-61. [PubMed] [PMC]
- Silva Gallo RB, Santana LS, Jorge Ferreira CH, Marcolin AC, Polineto OB, Duarte G, et al. Massage reduced severity of pain during labour: a randomised trial. J Physiother. 2013;59(2):109-16. [PubMed]
- Simkin PP, O'hara M. Nonpharmacologic relief of pain during labor: systematic reviews of five methods. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002;186(5 Suppl Nature):S131-59. [PubMed]
- UpToDate [Internet]. ©2021 UpToDate, Inc. Nonpharmacological approaches to management of labor pain. Erişim tarihi: 20.06.2020. Available from: [Link]
- Janssen P, Shroff F, Jaspar P. Massage therapy and labor outcomes: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Ther Massage Bodywork. 2012;5(4):15-20. Erratum in: Int J Ther Massage Bodywork. 2013;6(1):25. [PubMed] [PMC]
- WHO Reproductive Health Library. WHO recommendation on manual techniques for pain management during labour. Geneva: The WHO Reproductive Health Library; 2018. [Link]
- Demir Y. Ağrı ve yönetimi. Aşti TA, Karadağ A, editörler. Hemşirelik Esasları; Hemşirelik Bilimi ve Sanatı. 1.Baskı. İstanbul: Akademi Basın ve Yayıncılık; 2012. p.626-60.
- Field T, Hernandez-Reif M, Taylor S, Quintino O, Burman I. Labor pain is reduced by massage therapy. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 1997;18(4):286-91. [PubMed]
- Alehagen S, Wijma B, Lundberg U, Wijma K. Fear, pain and stress hormones during childbirth. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 2005;26(3):153-65. [PubMed]
- Sadat HZ, Forugh F, Maryam H, Nosratollah MN, Hosein S. The impact of manual massage on intensity and duration of pain at first phase of labor in primigravid women. International Journal of Medicine Research. 2016;1(4):16-8. [Link]
- Adams N, Field L. Pain Management: The Use of Psychological Approaches to Pain. British Journal of Nursing 2001;10(15):971-4. [Crossref]
- Field T. Pregnancy and labor massage. Expert Rev Obstet Gynecol. 2010;5(2):177-81. [PubMed] [PMC]
- Mortazavi SH, Khaki S, Moradi R, Heidari K, Vasegh Rahimparvar SF. Effects of massage therapy and presence of attendant on pain, anxiety and satisfaction during labor. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2012;286(1):19-23. [PubMed]
- Smith CA, Levett KM, Collins CT, Dahlen HG, Ee CC, Suganuma M. Massage, reflexology and other manual methods for pain management in labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;28;3(3):CD009290. [PubMed] [PMC]
- McCaffery M, Beebe A. Pain: Clinical Manual for Nursing Practice. 1st ed. UK: Mosby, St Louis; 1989.
- Avcıbay B, Alan S. [Nonpharmacological methods for management of labor pain]. Mersin Üniv Sağlık Bilim Derg. 2011;4(3):18-24. [Link]
- Kömürcü N, Ergin AB. Doğum ağrısının kontrolünde nonfarmakolojik yöntemler. Kömürcü N, Ergin AB, editörler. Doğum Ağrısı ve Yönetimi. 1. Baskı. İstanbul: Bedray Basın Yayıncılık; 2008. p.57-120.
- Wang HL, Keck JF. Foot and hand massage as an intervention for postoperative pain. Pain Manag Nurs. 2004;5(2):59-65. [PubMed]
- Henderson JM. Peripheral nerve stimulation for chronic pain. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2008;12(1):28-31. [PubMed]
- Şanlı Y. Travayda gebeye uygulanan ayak masajının doğum sürecine etkisi. Doktora Tezi. İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Kadın Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Hemşireliği Anabilim Dalı; 2018.
- Yılar Erkek Z, Pasinlioğlu T. [An alternative method for labor pain: foot reflexology]. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Dergisi. 2017;4(1):53-61. [Link]
- Mirzaee F, Kaviani M, Gafari P. The effect leg of reflexology on intensity of first labor pain. Iranian Journal of Obstetric, Gynecology and Infertilityy. 2010;13(1):27-32. [Link]
- Kamjoo A, Yabandeh AP, Shahi A, Dabiri F. The effect of reflexology on labor pain and length among primiparous women: a randomized controlled trial. Int Electron J Med. 2018;7(1):30-4. [Link]
- Dolatian1 M, Hasanpour A, Montazeri Sh, Heshmat R, Alavi Majd H. The effect of reflexology on pain intensity and duration of labor on primiparas. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2011;13(7):475-9. [PubMed] [PMC]
- Yıldırım G, Hotun Şahin N. [Nursing approach in controlling labor pain]. C.Ü. Hemşirelik Yüksek Okulu Dergisi. 2003;7(1):14-20. [Link]
- Ersöz M, Travayda uygulanan sakral masajın kadınların kaygı düzeyi, doğum ağrısı ve doğum sürecine etkisi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Adana: Çukurova Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Ebelik Anabilim Dalı; 2019.
- Taşçı E, Sevil Ü. [Nonpharmacological approach intended for labor pain]. Genel Tıp Derg. 2007;17(3):181-6. [Link]
- Balaskas J. New Aktive Birth: A Concise Guide to Natural Childbirth. 2nd ed. London: Thorsons Harper Collins Publishers; 1991. p.10-148.
- Kömürcü N, Ergin AB, Çalışkan E, Buckley SJ, Çalık KY, Çoker H. Doğum ağrısının kontrolünde nonfarmakolojik yöntemler. Kömürcü N, editör. Doğum Ağrısı ve Yönetimi. 2. Baskı. İstanbul: Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri; 2014. p.64-76.
- Mamuk R, Davas Nİ. Doğum ağrısının kontrolünde kullanılan nonfarmakolojik gevşeme ve tensel uyarılma yöntemleri. Tıp Bülteni 2010;44:137-44.
- Akköz Çevik S, Karaduman S. The effect of sacral massage on labor pain and anxiety: a randomized controlled trial. Jpn J Nurs Sci. 2020;17(1):e12272. [PubMed]
- Unalmis Erdogan S, Yanikkerem E, Goker A. Effects of low back massage on perceived birth pain and satisfaction. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2017;28:169-75. [PubMed]
- Abasi Z, Abedian Z, Fadaie A, Esmaeili HA. The effects of back massage on pain ıntensity during the first stage of labor in primiparous women. Iran J Obstet Gynecol Infertil. 2008;11(4):39-47. [Link]
- Karami NK, Safarzadeh A, Fathizadeh N. Effect of massage therapy on severity of pain and outcome of labor in primipara. İranian Journal of Nursing And Midwifery Research. 2007;12(1): 6-9. [Link]
- Sheoran NP, Panchal R. A study to assess the effectiveness of abdominal effleurage on labour pain intensity and labour outcomes among nullipara mothers during 1st stage of labour in selected hospitals of District Ambala, Haryana. International Journal of Science and Research. 2015;4(1):1585-90. [Link]
- Boateng EA, Kumi LO, Diji AK. Nurses and midwives' experiences of using non-pharmacological interventions for labour pain management: a qualitative study in Ghana. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2019;14;19(1):168. [PubMed] [PMC]
- Sethi D, Barnabas S. A pre-experimental study to evaluate the effectiveness of back massage among pregnant women in first stage of labour pains admitted in labour room of a selected hospital Ludhiana, Punjab, India. International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2017;6(1):76-83. [Link]
- Hodnett ED, Gates S, Hofmeyr GJ, Sakala C, Weston J. Continuous support for women during childbirth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;16;(2):CD003766. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;10:CD003766. [PubMed]
- Yılmaz Sezer N. Doğum salonunda çalışan ebe ve hemşirelerin doğum ağrısının yönetiminde kullanılan nonfarmakolojik yöntemleri bilme ve kullanma durumları. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Doğum ve Kadın Hastalıkları Hemşireliği Programı; 2012.
.: İşlem Listesi