Dermatolojik hastalıkların bir kısmı kronik seyirlidir. Geleneksel ve tamamlayıcı tedavi yöntemlerine eğilim, kronik deri hastalıklarında daha yüksektir. Geleneksel ve tamamlayıcı tedavilerin kullanım tipleri ve şekilleri kültürel, dinî ve coğrafi faktörlere göre değişiklik gösterir. Bu nedenle de ülkeden ülkeye farklılık gösterir. Bitkilerin bazıları geleneksel halk uygulamaları şeklinde bazıları da hekimlik uygulamalarında kullanılır. Deri hastalıklarında bitkisel tedaviler, topikal ya da sistemik yolla uygulanabilir. Her bitkinin kullanılacağı parçası ayrıdır: Yaprak, çiçek, kök vb. deri hastalıkları için bitkilerin kullanım şekilleri de özellik taşır: Bazıları hazırlanarak kullanılırken (suyu, yağı, ekstresi vb), bazıları da ilaç ruhsatı almıştır. İlaç ruhsatına en iyi örnek Behçet hastalığında kullanılan kolşisindir. İlaç dışındaki bitkisel ürünlerin içerikleri standart değildir. Yetiştiği coğrafya ya da iklime göre içerikleri değişiktir. Bu nedenle yan etkiler daha sık gözlenebilir ve bu yan etkiler hafif ya da ciddi olabilir. Bu yazıda, dermatolojide fitoterapiyle ilgili literatür (PubMed, Google Akademik) gözden geçirildi. Ülkemizde kolayca ulaşılabilecek bitkilere yer verildi. Dermatolojik hastalıklarda fitoterapi uygulamaları ana başlıklar altında anlatıldı: Akne, psöriyazis, vitiligo, verruka vulgaris, oral aft, pruritus, alopesi areata, uyuz ve bitlenme. Aknede; kekik, ısparta gülü, fesleğen yağı, yeşil çay, çay ağacı yağı, psöriyazisde; aloe vera, khellin, kapsaisin, vitiligoda; mabet ağacı, yerel kavun, khellin, yeşil çay, kapsaisin; verruka vulgaris ve kondiloma aküminatada ise podofilin yer almaktadır. Ayrıca Behçet hastalığında kolşisin, oral aft ve stomatitte kekik, kaşıntıda buğday kepeği, alopesi areatada sarımsak ekstresi, uyuz ve bitlenmede piretrinler bulunmaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Fitoterapi; deri hastalıkları
Some of the dermatological diseases have a chronic course. The trend towards traditional and complementary treatment methods is higher in chronic skin diseases. The usage types and forms of traditional and complementary therapies vary according to cultural, religious and geographical factors. Therefore, it differs from country to country. Some of the plants are used in traditional folk practices and some are used in medical practices. In skin diseases, herbal treatments can be applied topically or systemically. The part of each plant to use is separate: Leaves, flowers, roots, etc. The use of plants for skin diseases also has features: Some of them are prepared before use (water, oil, essence, etc.), some others are licensed for medicine. The best example of medicine license is colchicine used in Behçet's disease. The contents of herbal products other than pharmaceuticals are not standard. Their contents are different depending on the geography or climate they grow. Therefore, side effects can be observed more frequently and can be mild or serious. In this article, the literature on phytotherapy in dermatology (PubMed, Google Academic) is reviewed. Plants that are easily accessible in our country were included. Phytotherapy applications in dermatological diseases are described under the main headings: Acne, psoriasis, vitiligo, verruca vulgaris, oral aft, pruritus, alopesia areata, scabies and lice. There are thyme, Rosa damascena, basil oil, green tea, tea tree oil in the acne; aloe vera, khellin, capsaicin in psoriasis; Ginkgo biloba, Cucumis melo, khellin, green tea, capsaicin in vitiligo; podophylline in verruca vulgaris and condyloma accuminata. Also there are colchicine in Behçet's disease; thyme in oral aphthae and stomatitis; wheat bran in itching; garlic extract in alopesia areata; pyrethrins in scabies and lice.
Keywords: Phytotherapy; skin disease
- Gül Ü. Dermatolojide alternatif tedavi yöntemleri. Türkiye Klinikleri Dermatoloji- Özel Konular. 2013;6(1).[Link]
- Gönül M, Gül U, Cakmak SK, Kiliç S. Unconventional medicine in dermatology outpatients in Turkey. Int J Dermatol. 2009;48(6):639-44.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Bedi MK, Shenefelt PD. Herbal therapy in dermatology. Arch Dermatol. 2002;138(2):232-42.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- agaclar.org [Internet]. [cited 05.05.2020]. Colchicum autumnale. Available from: [Link]
- Colchicine. [cited 05.05.2020]. Available from: [Link]
- Fox L, Csongradi C, Aucamp M, du Plessis J, Gerber M. Treatment modalities for acne. Molecules. 2016;13;21(8):1063.[Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Dodov MG, Kulevanova S. A review of phytotherapy of acne vulgaris. Macedonian Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2009;55(1, 2):3-22.[Crossref]
- Zu Y, Yu H, Liang L, Fu Y, Efferth T, Liu X, et al. Activities of ten essential oils towards Propionibacterium acnes and PC-3, A-549 and MCF-7 cancer cells. Molecules. 2010;30;15(5):3200-10.[Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Zeybek U, Haksel M. Türkiye'de Ve Dünyada Önemli Tıbbi Bitkiler Ve Kullanımları. 1. Baskı. İzmir: Mesa Basım Matbaacılık; 2010.
- European Medicines Agency [Internet]. ©1995-2021 European Medicines Agency. [cited 05.05.2020]. Thymi herba. Available from: [Link]
- T.C. Gümrük Ve Ticaret Bakanlığı Kooperatifçilik Genel Müdürlüğü. 2017 yılı gül çiçeği raporu. 2018. [cited 05.05.2020]. Available from: [Link]
- Başer HC. Isparta gülü (Rosa damascena Mill.). Bağbahçe 46. 2013;(46):30-2.[Link]
- Kılıç S, Okullu SÖ, Kurt Ö, Sevinç H, Dündar C, Altınordu F, et al. Efficacy of two plant extracts against acne vulgaris: initial results of microbiological tests and cell culture studies. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2019;18(4):1061-5.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Viyoch J, Pisutthanan N, Faikreua A, Nupangta K, Wangtorpol K, Ngokkuen J. Evaluation of in vitro antimicrobial activity of Thai basil oils and their micro-emulsion formulas against Propionibacterium acnes. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2006;28(2):125-33.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Orafidiya L, Agbani E, Oyedele A, Babalola O, Onayemi O. Preliminary clinical tests on topical preparations of Ocimum gratissimum Linn leaf essential oil for the treatment of acne vulgaris. Clin Drug Investig. 2002;22(5):313-9.[Crossref]
- Orafidiya L, Agbani E, Oyedele A. The effect of aloe vera gel on the anti-acne properties of the essential oil of Ocimum gratissimum Linn leaf -a preliminary clinical investigation. International Journal of Aromatherapy. 2004;14(1):15-21.[Crossref]
- Pazyar N, Feily A, Kazerouni A. Green tea in dermatology. Skinmed. 2012;10(6):352-5.[PubMed]
- Tuong W, Walker L, Sivamani RK. Polyphenols as novel treatment options for dermatological diseases: A systematic review of clinical trials. J Dermatolog Treat. 2015;26(4):381-8.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Jung MK, Ha S, Son JA, Song JH, Houh Y, Cho E, et al. Polyphenon-60 displays a therapeutic effect on acne by suppression of TLR2 and IL-8 expression via down-regulating the ERK1/2 pathway. Arch Dermatol Res. 2012;304(8):655-63.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Yoon JY, Kwon HH, Min SU, Thiboutot DM, Suh DH. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate improves acne in humans by modulating intracellular molecular targets and inhibiting P. acnes. J Invest Dermatol. 2013;133(2):429-40.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Mahmood T, Akhtar N, Khan BA, Khan HM, Saeed T. Outcomes of 3% green tea emulsion on skin sebum production in male volunteers. Bosn J Basic Med Sci. 2010;10(3):260-4.[Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Liao S. The medicinal action of androgens and green tea epigallocatechin gallate. Hong Kong Med J. 2001;7(4):369-74.[PubMed]
- Lu PH, Hsu CH. Does supplementation with green tea extract improve acne in post-adolescent women? A randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled clinical trial. Complement Ther Med. 2016;25:159-63.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Elsaie ML, Abdelhamid MF, Elsaaiee LT, Emam HM. The efficacy of topical 2% green tea lotion in mild-to-moderate acne vulgaris. J Drugs Dermatol. 2009;8(4):358-64.[PubMed]
- Saric S, Notay M, Sivamani RK. Green tea and other tea polyphenols: effects on sebum production and acne vulgaris. Antioxidants (Basel). 2016;29;6(1):2.[Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Ergin K, Yaylalı A. [A review about resveratrol and its effects]. S.D.Ü. Tıp Fak Derg. 2013;20(3):115-20.[Link]
- Vestergaard M, Ingmer H. Antibacterial and antifungal properties of resveratrol. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2019;53(6):716-23.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Taylor EJ, Yu Y, Champer J, Kim J. Resveratrol demonstrates antimicrobial effects against propionibacterium acnes İn vitro. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2014;4(2):249-57.[Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Kim SY, Hyun MY, Go KC, Zouboulis CC, Kim BJ. Resveratrol exerts growth inhibitory effects on human SZ95 sebocytes through the inactivation of the PI3-K/Akt pathway. Int J Mol Med. 2015;35(4):1042-50.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Soleymani S, Iranpanah A, Najafi F, Belwal T, Ramola S, Abbasabadi Z, et al. Implications of grape extract and its nanoformulated bioactive agent resveratrol against skin disorders. Arch Dermatol Res. 2019;311(8):577-88.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Fabbrocini G, Staibano S, De Rosa G, Battimiello V, Fardella N, Ilardi G, ET AL. Resveratrol-containing gel for the treatment of acne vulgaris: a single-blind, vehicle-controlled, pilot study. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2011;1;12(2):133-41.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Bagherani N, Smoller BR. Role of tea tree oil in treatment of acne. Dermatol Ther. 2015;28(6):404.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Hammer KA. Treatment of acne with tea tree oil (melaleuca) products: a review of efficacy, tolerability and potential modes of action. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2015;45(2):106-10.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Malhi HK, Tu J, Riley TV, Kumarasinghe SP, Hammer KA. Tea tree oil gel for mild to moderate acne; a 12 week uncontrolled, open-label phase II pilot study. Australas J Dermatol. 2017;58(3):205-10.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Enshaieh S, Jooya A, Siadat AH, Iraji F. The efficacy of 5% topical tea tree oil gel in mild to moderate acne vulgaris: a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2007;73(1):22-5.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Bassett IB, Pannowitz DL, Barnetson RS. A comparative study of tea-tree oil versus benzoylperoxide in the treatment of acne. Med J Aust. 1990;15;153(8):455-8.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Mazzarello V, Donadu MG, Ferrari M, Piga G, Usai D, Zanetti S, et al. Treatment of acne with a combination of propolis, tea tree oil, and Aloe vera compared to erythromycin cream: two double-blind investigations. Clin Pharmacol. 2018;13;10:175-81.[Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Rani A, Sharma A. The genus vitex: a review. Pharmacogn Rev. 2013;7(14):188-98.[Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Daniele C, Thompson Coon J, Pittler MH, Ernst E. Vitex agnus castus: a systematic review of adverse events. Drug Saf. 2005;28(4):319-32.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Ernst E. The usage of complementary therapies by dermatological patients: a systematic review. Br J Dermatol. 2000;142(5):857-61.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Gönül M, Çakmak, SK, Gül Ü, Bıyıklı Z. What do patients with psoriasis think about the causes of their disease and use for psoriasis? TANG Humanitas Medicine. 2012;2(1):1-4.[Crossref]
- Gabr SA, Alghadir AH. Phytotherapy and psoriasis: Complementary and alternative medications. World J Dermatol. 2014;3(4):86-91.[Crossref]
- Farahnik B, Sharma D, Alban J, Sivamani RK. Topical botanical agents for the treatment of psoriasis: a systematic review. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2017;18(4):451-68.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- BITKIVT|Online Bitki Veritabanı [Internet]. ©Hayriye EŞBAH TUNÇAY, Muhammed Ali ÖRNEK, Meliz AKYOL. [cited 05.05.2020]. Veritabanında yer alan tüm bitkilerin alfabetik sıralı listesi. Available from: [Link]
- ClinicalTrials.gov [Internet]. [cited 05.05.2020]. Psoriasis Indigo Naturalis Chinese Medicine Medicated Bath. Available from: [Link]
- Cheng HM, Wu YC, Wang Q, Song M, Wu J, Chen D, et al. Clinical efficacy and IL-17 targeting mechanism of Indigo naturalis as a topical agent in moderate psoriasis. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2017;2;17(1):439.[Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Deng S, May BH, Zhang AL, Lu C, Xue CC. Phytotherapy in the management of psoriasis: a review of the efficacy and safety of oral interventions and the pharmacological actions of the main plants. Arch Dermatol Res. 2014;306(3):211-29.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Tse TW. Use of common Chinese herbs in the treatment of psoriasis. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2003;28(5):469-75.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Male? Ž, Drvar DL, Duka I, Žužul K. Application of medicinal plants in several dermatovenerological entities. Acta Pharm. 2019;1;69(4):525-31.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Foulkes AC, Grindlay DJ, Griffiths CE, Warren RB. What's new in psoriasis? An analysis of guidelines and systematic reviews published in 2009-2010. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2011;36(6):585-9; quiz 588-9.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Miroddi M, Navarra M, Calapai F, Mancari F, Giofrè SV, Gangemi S, et al. Review of clinical pharmacology of Aloe vera L. in the Treatment of Psoriasis. Phytother Res. 2015;29(5):648-55.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Syed TA, Ahmad SA, Holt AH, Ahmad SA, Ahmad SH, Afzal M. Management of psoriasis with Aloe vera extract in a hydrophilic cream: a placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Trop Med Int Health. 1996;1(4):505-9.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Paulsen E, Korsholm L, Brandrup F. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of a commercial Aloe vera gel in the treatment of slight to moderate psoriasis vulgaris. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2005;19(3):326-31.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Choonhakarn C, Busaracome P, Sripanidkulchai B, Sarakarn P. A prospective, randomized clinical trial comparing topical aloe vera with 0.1% triamcinolone acetonide in mild to moderate plaque psoriasis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2010;24(2):168-72.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Dong X, Zeng Y, Liu Y, You L, Yin X, Fu J, et al. Aloe-emodin: a review of its pharmacology, toxicity, and pharmacokinetics. Phytother Res. 2020;34(2):270-81.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Divya G, Panonnummal R, Gupta S, Jayakumar R, Sabitha M. Acitretin and aloe-emodin loaded chitin nanogel for the treatment of psoriasis. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2016;107:97-109.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Drugs.com [Internet]. ©2000-2020 Drugs.com. [cited 05.05.2020]. Khella. Available from: [Link]
- Alam S, Anjum N, Akhtar J, Bashir F. Pharmacological investigations on Khella- (Ammi visnaga L.). World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2018;7(13):212-24.[Link]
- Abdel-Fattah A, Aboul-Enein MN, Wassel G, El-Menshawi B. Preliminary report on the therapeutic effect of khellin in psoriasis. Dermatologica. 1983;167(2):109-10.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Boyd K, Shea SM, Patterson JW. The role of capsaicin in dermatology. Prog Drug Res. 2014;68:293-306.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Drugs.com [Internet]. ©2000-2020 Drugs.com. [cited 05.05.2020]. Capsaicin. Available from: [Link]
- Arnold WP, van de Kerkhof PC. Topical capsaicin in pruritic psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1994;31(1):135.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Ellis CN, Berberian B, Sulica VI, Dodd WA, Jarratt MT, Katz HI, et al. A double-blind evaluation of topical capsaicin in pruritic psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1993;29(3):438-42.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Bernstein JE, Parish LC, Rapaport M, Rosenbaum MM, Roenigk HH Jr. Effects of topically applied capsaicin on moderate and severe psoriasis vulgaris. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1986;15(3):504-7.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- European Medicines Agency [Internet]. [cited 05.05.2020]. Assessment report on Arnica montana L. Available from: [Link]
- Hörmann HP, Korting HC. Evidence for the efficacy and safety of topical herbal drugs in dermatology: part I: anti-inflammatory agents. Phytomedicine. 1994;1(2):161-71.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Gianfaldoni S, Wollina U, Tirant M, Tchernev G, Lotti J, Satolli F, et al. Herbal compounds for the treatment of vitiligo: a review. Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2018;21;6(1):203-7.[Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- European Medicines Agency [Internet]. [cited 05.05.2020]. European Union herbal monograph on Ginkgo biloba L.,folium. Available from: [Link]
- Drug.com [Internet]. ©2000-2020 Drugs.com. [cited 05.05.2020]. Gingko biloba. Available from: [Link]
- Zhang S, Yi X, Su X, Jian Z, Cui T, Xiao Q, et al. Ginkgo biloba extract protects human melanocytes from H(2) O(2) -induced oxidative stress by activating Nrf2. J Cell Mol Med. 2019;23(8):1-7.[Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Szczurko O, Shear N, Taddio A, Boon H. Ginkgo biloba for the treatment of vitilgo vulgaris: an open label pilot clinical trial. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2011;15;11:21.[Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Parsad D, Pandhi R, Juneja A. Effectiveness of oral Ginkgo biloba in treating limited, slowly spreading vitiligo. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2003;28(3):285-7.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Drugs.com [Internet]. ©2000-2020 Drugs.com. [cited 05.05.2020]. Turmeric. Available from: [Link]
- Schallreuter KU, Panske A, Chiuchiarelli G. Ineffective topical treatment of vitiligo with Cucumis melo extracts. Int J Dermatol. 2011;50(3):374-5.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Buggiani G, Tsampau D, Hercogovà J, Rossi R, Brazzini B, Lotti T. Clinical efficacy of a novel topical formulation for vitiligo: compared evaluation of different treatment modalities in 149 patients. Dermatol Ther. 2012;25(5):472-6.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Carlie G, Ntusi NB, Hulley PA, Kidson SH. KUVA (khellin plus ultraviolet A) stimulates proliferation and melanogenesis in normal human melanocytes and melanoma cells in vitro. Br J Dermatol. 2003;149(4):707-17.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Valkova S, Trashlieva M, Christova P. Treatment of vitiligo with local khellin and UVA: comparison with systemic PUVA. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2004;29(2):180-4.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Hofer A, Kerl H, Wolf P. Long-term results in the treatment of vitiligo with oral khellin plus UVA. Eur J Dermatol. 2001;11(3):225-9.[PubMed]
- Fenniche S, Zaouak A, Tanfous AB, Jrad M, Hammami H. Successful treatment of refractory vitiligo with a combination of khellin and 308-nm excimer lamp: an open-label, 1-year prospective study. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2018;8(1):127-35.[Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Bagherani N. The efficacy of 308 nm UV excimer light as monotherapy and combination therapy with topical khellin 4% and/or tacrolimus 0.1% in the treatment of vitiligo. Dermatol Ther. 2016;29(2):137-8.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Buchness MR. Alternative medicine and dermatology. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 1998;17(4):284-90.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Becatti M, Prignano F, Fiorillo C, Pescitelli L, Nassi P, Lotti T, et al. The involvement of Smac/DIABLO, p53, NF-kB, and MAPK pathways in apoptosis of keratinocytes from perilesional vitiligo skin: protective effects of curcumin and capsaicin. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2010;1;13(9):1309-21.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Gupta SC, Patchva S, Aggarwal BB. Therapeutic roles of curcumin: lessons learned from clinical trials. AAPS J. 2013;15(1):195-218.[Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Schallreuter KU, Rokos H. Turmeric (curcumin): a widely used curry ingredient, can contribute to oxidative stress in Asian patients with acute vitiligo. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2006;72(1):57-9.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Asawanonda P, Klahan SO. Tetrahydrocurcuminoid cream plus targeted narrowband UVB phototherapy for vitiligo: a preliminary randomized controlled study. Photomed Laser Surg. 2010;28(5):679-84.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Bedows E, Hatfield GM. An investigation of the antiviral activity of Podophyllum peltatum. J Nat Prod. 1982;45(6):725-9.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Drugs.com [Internet]. ©2000-2020 Drugs.com. [cited 05.05.2020]. Podophyllum resin. Available from: [Link]
- Sterling JC, Gibbs S, Hussain SSH, et al. British Association of Dermatologists' guidelines for the management of cutaneous warts 2014. Br J Dermatol. 2014;171(4):696-712.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- White DJ, Billingham C, Chapman S, Drake S, Jayaweera D, Jones S, et al. Podophyllin 0.5% or 2.0% v podophyllotoxin 0.5% for the self treatment of penile warts: a double blind randomised study. Genitourin Med. 1997;73(3):184-7.[Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- McDow RA. Cryosurgery and podophyllum in combination for condylomata. Am Fam Physician. 1996;1;53(6):1987-8, 1993.[PubMed]
- Fisher AA. Severe systemic and local reactions to topical podophyllum resin. Cutis. 1981;28(3):233, 236, 242 passim.[PubMed]
- (05.05.2020 tarihinde alıntılandı).[Link]
- Bhat A, Naguwa SM, Cheema GS, Gershwin ME. Colchicine revisited. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2009;1173:766-73.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Karamanou M, Tsoucalas G, Pantos K, Androutsos G. Isolating colchicine in 19th century: an old drug revisited. Curr Pharm Des. 2018;24(6):654-8.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Teresa A, Krishnakumar K, Kumar D, John A. Herbal remedıes for mouth ulcer: a review. J Bio Innov. 2017;6(4):521-7.
- European Medicines Agency [Internet]. Assessment report on Thymus vulgaris L., vulgaris zygis L., herba. (05.05.2020 tarihinde alıntılandı).[Link]
- Kömürcü İS. Farklı hububat kepeklerinin ekmek kalitesine etkileri. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. İstanbul: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü; 2005.[Link]
- Maluki AH, Mahmood TA, Hadi QN. Treatment of alopecia areata with topical garlic extract. Kufa Med Journal. 2009;12(1):330-6.[Link]
- CLISHEA.CO [Internet]. ©2020, clishea.co. [cited 05.05.2020]. How to use garlic in treating alopecia areata. Available from: [Link]
- Drugs.com [Internet]. ©2000-2020 Drugs.com. [cited 05.05.2020]. Pyrethrins. Available from: [Link]
- Türkiye Acil Tıp Derneği [Internet]. Köse A, Denizbaşı A. Piretrin ve piretroid grubu insektisidler.[cited 05.05.2020]. Available from: [Link]
- Korkmaz M. [Emerging importance of repellents and new approaches to the treatment of scabies and pediculosis]. ANKEM Derg. 2009;23(Ek 2):228-32.[Link]
.: İşlem Listesi