Yaşlı bireylerin birçoğu, demans dâhil olmak üzere karmaşık pek çok bilişsel bozukluğa sahiptir. Demans, damar yapısında meydana gelen bozulmaya bağlı olarak ortaya çıkan dejeneratif ve ilerleyici bir hastalıktır. Demans, biyolojik yaşlanmanın olağan sonuçlarının ötesinde bilişsel işlevde bozulmaya yol açmaktadır. Dünya çapında tüm hastalıklar arasında önde gelen yedinci ölüm nedenidir. Üstelik yaşlı bireylerde engelliliğin ve bağımlılığın başlıca sorumlularındandır. Demansı olan yaşlı hastalar, hem hastalık ilerledikçe artan bilişsel gerileme hem de yaşlanmanın doğasından kaynaklanan yetersizliklerle bakım konusunda yüksek önceliklidir. Bu nedenle 'ileri bakım planlama' önemlidir. İleri bakım planlama; hasta, hasta yakınları ve sağlık profesyonelleri arasında, bireyin yaşam sonu bakımı da dâhil olmak üzere gelecekteki tedavi ve bakım yaklaşımlarına yönelik dinamik bir diyalog sürecidir. Demanslı yaşlı hastaya bakım bir ekip çalışmasıdır. Ancak hemşirelik yaklaşımı, hasta bakımının her alanında olduğu gibi demanslı yaşlı hastaların bakımında da beklenti açısından yüksek sorumluluk gerektirir. Hemşireler, hastaları ve ailelerini uzun süredir tanımaları, onların değerlerine ve tedavi tercihlerine yakından şahit olmaları nedeniyle ileri bakım planlama sürecinde önemli bir rol üstlenmelidir. Hemşireler, demansın henüz ilk semptomları ortaya çıkmadan ve hastalığın teşhisinden sonra bakım sürecini yürütebilecek konumdadır. İleri bakım planlamasına yönelik olarak ülkemizde boşluk olduğu düşünülmektedir. Bu çalışmada, demanslı yaşlı hastalar için ileri bakım planlama sürecinin gerekliliği ve bu süreçte hemşirenin rolü tartışılacaktır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Demans; ileri bakım planlama; yaşlı; hemşireler
Most of older people have many complex cognitive disorders including dementia. Dementia is a degenerative and progressive disease that occurs due to the deterioration in the vascular structure. Dementia leads to cognitive dysfunction beyond the usual consequences of biological aging. It is the seventh leading cause of death among all diseases worldwide. Moreover, it is one of the main responsible of disability and addiction in elderly individuals. Elderly patients with dementia are a high priority for care, because of increasing cognitive impairment as the disease progresses and age-related deficiencies. Therefore, 'advanced care planning' is important. It is a dynamic process of dialogue between patients, their relatives and healthcare professionals, in which the individual talks about their future treatment and care, including end-of-life care. Caring for the elderly patient with dementia is a teamwork. However, nursing requires high responsibility in terms of expectations in the care of elderly patients with dementia, as in all areas of patient care. Nurses should play an important role in the advanced care planning process, as they have known patients and their families for a long time and closely witnessed their values and treatment preferences. Nurses are in a position to carry out the care process before the first symptoms of dementia appear and after the diagnosis of the disease. It is thought that advanced care planning for elderly patients is very inadequate in our country. In this study, the necessity of the advanced care planning for elderly patients with dementia and the role of the nurse in this process are discussed.
Keywords: Dementia; advance care planning; aged; nurses
- United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division [Internet]. UN 2017. [Cited: January 01, 2021]. World population prospects the 2017 revision. Available from: [Link]
- Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu [İnternet]. TÜİK 2021. [Erişim tarihi: 11.12.2021]. İstatistiklerle yaşlılar 2021. Erişim linki: [Link]
- London Prince M, Wimo A, Guerchet M, Gemma-Claire A, Yu-Tzu W, Matthew P. World Alzheimer Report 2015. The global impact of dementia: an analysis of prevalence, incidence, cost and trends. London: Alzheimer's Disease International; 2015. Cited: Jun 02, 2020. Available from: [Link]
- World Health Organization. WHO 2012. Dementia. A public health priority. Geneva: World Health Organisation; 2012. Cited: Jun 08, 2020. Available from: [Link]
- Gale SA, Acar D, Daffner KR. Dementia. Am J Med. 2018;131(10):1161-9. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Lopez OL, Kuller LH. Epidemiology of aging and associated cognitive disorders: Prevalence and incidence of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. Handb Clin Neurol. 2019;167:139-48. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Wolters FJ, Ikram MA. Epidemiology of dementia: the burden on society, the challenges for research. Methods Mol Biol. 2018;1750:3-14. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Piers R, Albers G, Gilissen J, De Lepeleire J, Steyaert J, Van Mechelen W, et al Advance care planning in dementia: recommendations for healthcare professionals. BMC Palliat Care. 2018;17(1):88. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Dixon J, Karagiannidou M, Knapp M. The effectiveness of advance care planning in ımproving end-of-life outcomes for people with dementia and their carers: a systematic review and critical discussion. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2018;55(1):132-50.e1. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- World Health Organization. WHO 2011. Palliative care for older people: better practices. WHO Regional Office For Europe, 67. Cited: Jun 08, 2020. Available from: [Link]
- National Council for Palliative Care. National Council for Palliative Care Response to the all parliamentary group on dementia 2012 inquiry: Improving dementia diagnosis rates in the UK. 1st ed. London: NCPC; 2012. Cited: July 08, 2020. Available from: [Link]
- van der Steen JT, Radbruch L, Hertogh CM, de Boer ME, Hughes JC, Larkin P, et al; European Association for Palliative Care (EAPC). White paper defining optimal palliative care in older people with dementia: a Delphi study and recommendations from the European Association for Palliative Care. Palliat Med. 2014;28(3):197-209. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Sampson EL, Burns A, Richards M. Improving end-of-life care for people with dementia. Br J Psychiatry. 2011;199(5):357-9. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Sampson EL, Candy B, Jones L. Enteral tube feeding for older people with advanced dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;2009(2):CD007209. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Brazil K, Carter G, Cardwell C, Clarke M, Hudson P, Froggatt K, et al. Effectiveness of advance care planning with family carers in dementia nursing homes: a paired cluster randomized controlled trial. Palliat Med. 2018;32(3):603-12. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Carter G, McLaughlin D, Kernohan WG, Hudson P, Clarke M, Froggatt K, et al. The experiences and preparedness of family carers for best interest decision-making of a relative living with advanced dementia: a qualitative study. J Adv Nurs. 2018;74(7):1595-604. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Sellars M, Chung O, Nolte L, Tong A, Pond D, Fetherstonhaugh D, et al. Perspectives of people with dementia and carers on advance care planning and end-of-life care: a systematic review and thematic synthesis of qualitative studies. Palliat Med. 2019;33(3):274-90. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Rietjens JAC, Sudore RL, Connolly M, van Delden JJ, Drickamer MA, Droger M, et al; European Association for Palliative Care. Definition and recommendations for advance care planning: an international consensus supported by the European Association for Palliative Care. Lancet Oncol. 2017;18(9):e543-e51. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Hammes BJ, Rooney BL. Death and end-of-life planning in one midwestern community. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158(4):383-90. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Teixeira AA, Hanvey L, Tayler C, Barwich D, Baxter S, Heyland DK; Canadian Researchers at End of Life Network (CARENET). What do Canadians think of advanced care planning? Findings from an online opinion poll. BMJ Support Palliat Care. 2015;5(1):40-7. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Selwood A, Senthuran S, Blakely B, Lane P, North J, Clay-Williams R. Improving outcomes from high-risk surgery: a multimethod evaluation of a patient-centred advanced care planning intervention. BMJ Open. 2017;7(2):e014906. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- MacKenzie MA, Smith-Howell E, Bomba PA, Meghani SH. Respecting choices and related models of advance care planning: a systematic review of published evidence. Am J Hosp Palliat Care. 2018;35(6):897-907. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Sudore RL, Lum HD, You JJ, Hanson LC, Meier DE, Pantilat SZ, et al. Defining advance care planning for adults: a consensus definition from a multidisciplinary Delphi panel. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2017;53(5):821-32.e1. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Harrison Dening K, King M, Jones L, Vickerstaff V, Sampson EL. Advance care planning in dementia: do family carers know the treatment preferences of people with early dementia? PLoS One. 2016;11(7):e0159056. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Span M, Smits C, Groen-van de Ven L, Jukema J, Cremers A, Vernooij-Dassen M, et al. Towards an interactive web tool that supports shared decision making in dementia: identifying user requirements. International Journal On Advances in Life Sciences. 2014;6(3&4):338-49. [Link]
- Dening KH, Jones L, Sampson EL. Advance care planning for people with dementia: a review. Int Psychogeriatr. 2011;23(10):1535-51. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- The Irish Hospice Foundation. Dementia guidance document 2: advance care planning and advance healthcare directives with a person with dementia. Dublin: The Irish Hospice Foundation; 2016. Cited: January 07, 2021. Available from: [Link]
- Bernacki RE, Block SD; American College of Physicians High Value Care Task Force. Communication about serious illness care goals: a review and synthesis of best practices. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174(12):1994-2003. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Jimenez G, Virk AK, Tan WS, Car J, Ho AHY, Low CK. Overview of systematic reviews of advance care planning: Summary of evidence and global lessons. Journal of Pain & Symptom Management. 2018;56(3):436-59.e25. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Boddy J, Chenoweth L, McLennan V, Daly M. It's just too hard! Australian health care practitioner perspectives on barriers to advance care planning. Aust J Prim Health. 2013;19(1):38-45. [PubMed]
- Visser M, Deliens L, Houttekier D. Physician-related barriers to communication and patient- and family-centred decision-making towards the end of life in intensive care: a systematic review. Crit Care. 2014;18(6):604. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Izumi S. Advance care planning: the nurse's role: a consistent, system-wide approach can normalize the process, dispelling fears and misconceptions. American Journal of Nursing. 2017;117(6):56-61. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Ke LS, Huang X, O'Connor M, Lee S. Nurses' views regarding implementing advance care planning for older people: a systematic review and synthesis of qualitative studies. J Clin Nurs. 2015;24(15-16):2057-73. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Allen JK. Increasing nurses' knowledge of advance care planning.. [Doctoral Project Approval]. Las Vegas: School of Nursing The Graduate College University of Nevada; 2020. Cited: January 05, 2022. Available from: [Link]
- Advance Care Planning (ACP) for people with dementia in all care settings. England: NHS; 2018. Cited: 25.012.2021. Available from: [Link]
- Robinson L, Hughes JC, Daley S, Keady J, Ballard C, Volicer L. End-of-life care and dementia. Rev Clin Gerontol. 2005;15(2):135-48. [Crossref]
- Houben CHM, Spruit MA, Groenen MTJ, Wouters EFM, Janssen DJA. Efficacy of advance care planning: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2014;15(7):477-89. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Detering KM, Hancock AD, Reade MC, Silvester W. The impact of advance care planning on end of life care in elderly patients: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2010;340:c1345. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Molloy DW, Guyatt GH, Russo R, Goeree R, O'Brien BJ, Bédard M, et al. Systematic implementation of an advance directive program in nursing homes: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2000;283(11):1437-44. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Caplan GA, Meller A, Squires B, Chan S, Willett W. Advance care planning and hospital in the nursing home. Age Ageing. 2006;35(6):581-5. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Robinson L, Dickinson C, Rousseau N, Beyer F, Clark A, Hughes J, et al. A systematic review of the effectiveness of advance care planning interventions for people with cognitive impairment and dementia. Age Ageing. 2012;41(2):263-9. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Feinberg LF, Whitlatch CJ. Decision-making for persons with cognitive impairment and their family caregivers. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. 2002;17(4):237-44. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Winblad B, Amouyel P, Andrieu S, Ballard C, Brayne C, Brodaty H, et al. Defeating Alzheimer's disease and other dementias: a priority for European science and society. Lancet Neurol. 2016;15(5):455-532. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Ferri CP, Prince M, Brayne C, Brodaty H, Fratiglioni L, Ganguli M, et al; Alzheimer's Disease International. Global prevalence of dementia: a Delphi consensus study. Lancet. 2005;366(9503):2112-7. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Cooper C, Balamurali TB, Livingston G. A systematic review of the prevalence and covariates of anxiety in caregivers of people with dementia. Int Psychogeriatr. 2007;19(2):175-95. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Cooper C, Selwood A, Blanchard M, Walker Z, Blizard R, Livingston G. The determinants of family carers' abusive behaviour to people with dementia: results of the CARD study. J Affect Disord. 2010;121(1-2):136-42. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Livingston G, Barber J, Rapaport P, Knapp M, Griffin M, King D, et al. Clinical effectiveness of a manual based coping strategy programme (START, STrAtegies for RelaTives) in promoting the mental health of carers of family members with dementia: pragmatic randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2013;347:f6276. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Advance Care Planning Desicions [Internet]. Nous Foundation, Inc. © 2008-2022. [Cited: February 12, 2022]. How nurses facilitate the advance care planning process. Available from: [Link]
- Flanders SA. Nurses as educators. Effective patient education: Evidence and common sense. Medsurg Nursing. 2018;27(1):55-8. [Link]
- Shepherd J, Waller A, Sanson-Fisher R, Clark K, Ball J. Knowledge of, and participation in, advance care planning: a cross-sectional study of acute and critical care nurses' perceptions. Int J Nurs Stud. 2018;86:74-81. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Christensen KL, Winters CA, Colclough Y, Oley E, Luparell S. Advance care planning in rural montana: exploring the nurse's role. J Hosp Palliat Nurs. 2019;21(4):264-71. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- HPNA Position Statement Advance Care Planning. J Hosp Palliat Nurs. 2018;20(5):E1-3. [Crossref] [PubMed]
.: İşlem Listesi