Amaç: İnsanlarda mitokondriyal DNA (mtDNA) analizi, yüksek stabilitesi ve hücre başına çok sayıda genom kopyası içermesi nedeniyle yüksek oranda bozunmuş iskelet kalıntılarının adli amaçlı kimliklendirilmesinde güçlü bir araç olmuştur. Bu çalışmada, ileri derecede bozunmuş iskelet kalıntılarında kısa mtDNA parçaların çoğaltılması ve dizi analizi amacıyla midi ve mini multipleks polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu [polymerase chain reaction (PCR)] setleri tasarlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Tasarlanan midi ve mini multipleks PCR setlerinin etkinliğini araştırmak amacıyla toprak altında kalma süreleri 3-68 yıl arasında değişen ve yaşları 22-93 arasında olan toplam 14 kişiye ait diş veya femur kemiğine ait DNA örnekleri kullanılmıştır. Silika temelli DNA ekstraksiyon yöntemi ile 1 gr kemik tozundan izole edilen DNA örneklerinde çeşitli uzunluklarda amplikon üretilebilecek 2 ayrı multipleks PCR seti hazırlanmıştır. Multipleks PCR için seçilen primer setlerinden biri mtDNA'nın ortalama 250 bp uzunluğunda fragmanların amplifikasyonuna izin veren 2 multipleks reaksiyondan oluşan midi primer seti; diğeri ise daha ileri seviyede degrade örneklerde kullanılabilecek olan 100-150 bp uzunlukta fragmanların amplifikasyonuna olanak tanıyan mini primer setidir ki, o da 3 multipleks reaksiyondan oluşmaktadır. Bulgular: Mini primer seti ile 68 yıla kadar iskelet kalıntılarında başarılı sonuçlar alınırken, midipleks set ile 45 yıla kadar olan iskelet kalıntılarında başarılı sonuçlar alınmıştır. Sonuç: Multipleks setler ile analiz için kullanılan genomik DNA miktarı azaldığından örnek kaybı en aza inmektedir. Ayrıca kullanılan malzeme ve iş gücü dikkate alındığında, multipleks setlerle hem iş gücü hem de maliyet önemli ölçüde azalmaktadır. Bu primer setleri, başta iskelet kalıntıları olmak üzere ileri derecede bozunmuş DNA örneklerinde kullanılabilecektir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Degrade mitokondriyal DNA; dizi analizi; adli kimliklendirme; kemik; multipleks PCR
Objective: The analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in humans has been a powerful tool in the identification of highly decomposed skeletal remains for forensic identification due to its high stability and the large number of genome copies per cell. In this study, multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) sets were designed with midi and mini primers for amplification and sequence analysis of very short mtDNA fragments to perform sequence analysis of the mtDNA control region in highly degraded skeletal remains. Material and Methods: In order to investigate the effectiveness of the designed midi and mini multiplex PCR sets, DNA samples of teeth or femur bones belonging to a total of 14 people aged between 22-93 and whose duration of underground residence varied between 3-68 years, were used. Two separate multiplex PCR sets were prepared to produce amplicons of various lengthsin DNA samples isolated from 1 g of bone powder by silica-based DNA extraction method. One of the primer sets selected for multiplex PCR is the midi primer set consisting of 2 multiplex reactions, which allows the amplification of mtDNA fragments with an average length of 250 bp; The other one is a mini primer set that allows the amplification of 100-150 bp long fragments that can be used in more advanced degraded samples, and it consists of 3 multiplex reactions. Results: While successful results were obtained on skeletal remains up to 68 years old with the mini primer set, successful results were obtained on skeletal remains up to 45 years old with the midiplex set. Conclusion: With multiplex sets, sample loss is minimized as the amount of genomic DNA used for analysis is reduced. In addition, considering the material and labour used, both labour and cost are significantly reduced with multiplex sets. These primer sets can be used in highly degraded DNA samples, especially skeletal remains.
Keywords: Degraded mitochondrial DNA; sequence analysis; forensic identification; bone; multiplex PCR
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