İnflamatuar bağırsak hastalıklarından biri olan Crohn, remisyon ve alevlenme evreleri ile seyreden, etiyolojisinde çeşitli faktörlerin rol oynadığı otoimmün bir hastalıklıktır. Çevresel etmenler ile ortaya çıkan bu hastalıkta, beslenme alışkanlıklarının etkisinin önemli olduğu düşünülmektedir. Crohn hastalığında, beslenme önerilerine ait kanıt düzeyinde net sonuçlar olmasa da beslenme şekli ve alışkanlıklarının, hastalığın relapslarında etkili olduğunu gösteren çalışmalar mevcuttur. Özellikle malnütrisyon açısından risk altında olan Crohn hastalarında, tanı aldıktan sonra malnütrisyon taraması yapılmalıdır. Bu taramada, beslenme durumunun değerlendirilmesinde kalsiyum, demir, B12 vitamini, folat, çinko, magnezyum, A vitamini, albümin, prealbümin ve D vitamininin kontrol edilmesi önerilmektedir. Şiddetli ishal durumunda çinko, selenyum ve potasyumda kayıplar daha da artabilmektedir. Özellikle protein enerji malnütrisyonunun gelişmesi ve inflamasyona bağlı hipermetabolizmanın varlığı, hastaların nütrisyonel destek tedavisi almasını gerektirebilir. Enteral ya da parenteral beslenme ile sağlanacak nütrisyonel destek tedavisi malnütrisyonun tedavi edilmesi ve önlenmesinde, remisyonun sağlanmasında, akut atakların önlenmesi ve azaltılmasında etkilidir. Ayrıca yaşam kalitesinin artırılmasını destekleyici olabilmektedir. Protein ve enerji yetersizliği olan Crohn hastalarında, nütrisyonel destek tedavisine başlanılması önerilir. Remisyon dönemine geçildiğinde hasta normal diyet ile beslenebilir. Ancak bu diyet tedavisi hastaya özgü olmalıdır. Crohn hastalarının iyi bilgilendirilip eğitilmesinin, hem remisyon sürecinin uzatılmasında hem de akut atakların önlenmesi ve süresinin azaltılmasında etkili ve önemli olduğu düşünülmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Crohn hastalığı; inflamatuar bağırsak hastalığı; beslenme tedavisi
One of the inflammatory bowel diseases, Crohn is an autoimmune disease with remission and exacerbation stages and various factors play a role in its etiology. For this disease that is caused by environmental factors, the effect of nutritional habits is thought to be important. Although there is no clear evidence for nutritional recommendations in Crohn's disease, there are studies that show the effect of nutritional patterns and habits in relapses of the disease. Especially for Crohn's patients who are at risk for malnutrition, a malnutrition screening should be taken after diagnosis. During this screening, it is recommended to check calcium, iron, vitamin B12, folate, zinc, magnesium, vitamin A, albumin, prealbumin and vitamin D in determination of nutritional status. In case of severe diarrhea, the losses of zinc, selenium and potassium may increase even further. In particular, the development of protein energy malnutrition and the presence of inflammation-induced hypermetabolism may require patients to receive nutritional support. Nutritional support treatment that is provided by enteral or parenteral nutrition is effective in the treatment, and prevention of malnutrition, achieving remission, and shortening of acute attacks. It may also support the improvement of the quality of life. Nutritional support is recommended for Crohn's patients with protein and energy deficiency. When the remission period is started, the patient can be fed with a normal diet. However, this dietary treatment should be patient-specific. Well informed and educated Crohn's patients are effective and important in both prolonging the remission process and preventing and reducing the duration of acute attacks.
Keywords: Crohn's disease; inflammatory bowel disease; nutrition therapy
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