Objective: Individual differences increase the probability of being bullied, and there are some adverse consequences of victimization. Children who stutter have been reported to be more likely than their peers to be bullied, but there is a scarcity of data on the rates of bullying victimization among individuals who stutter compared to their peers in Türkiye. Therefore, this study investigated school-age peer victimization rates and experiences of adults who do (AWS) and do not (AWNS) stutter in Türkiye. Material and Methods: This was a case-control self-reported retrospective survey study. One hundred AWS and 100 AWNS (age range: 18-48) participated. The school-age peer victimization experiences of AWS and AWNS were compared using closed-ended survey items. Results: Sixty-four percent of AWS and 41% of AWNS reported being bullying victims during school, which indicates a considerably higher risk of being bullied (p=0.001). The comparisons between AWS and AWNS showed that AWS had significantly more difficulty in maintaining friendships (p=0.03), but the comparisons between AWS and AWNS who experienced bullying showed that there were no differences between groups in maintaining friendships. Both groups reported that bullying mostly had adverse emotional (AWS: 71.9% and AWNS: 73.2%) and social (AWS: 60.9% and AWNS: 63.4%) effects. Conclusion: Being a bullying victim had adverse emotional and social consequences. Strong peer ties are essential in minimizing victimization; thus, further research into predictive role of friendship relations between stuttering and bullying is suggested.
Keywords: Stuttering; bullying; victimization
Amaç: Bireysel farklılıklar zorbalığa uğrama olasılığını artırır ve zorbalık mağduriyetinin olumsuz sonuçları olabilir. Kekemeliği olan çocukların akranlarına göre daha fazla zorbalığa uğradıkları bildirilmiştir, ancak Türkiye'de kekemeliği olan ve olmayan çocukların zorbalığa uğrama oranlarına ilişkin veri sınırlıdır. Bu nedenle bu çalışmayla Türkiye'de kekemeliği olan ve olmayan erişkinlerin okul çağındaki akran zorbalığı mağduriyeti oranları ve deneyimleri araştırılmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Bu bir vaka-kontrol, geriye dönük öz bildirim anket çalışmasıdır. Yüz kekemeliği olan ve 100 kekemeliği olmayan erişkin (yaş aralığı: 18-48) katılmıştır. Kekemeliği olan ve olmayan erişkinlerin okul çağındaki akran zorbalığı mağduriyeti deneyimleri, kapalı uçlu anket maddeleri kullanılarak elde edilmiş ve karşılaştırılmıştır. Bulgular: Kekemeliği olan erişkinlerin %64'ü, kekemeliği olmayanların %41'i okul çağında zorbalığa uğradıklarını bildirmiştir, bu da kekemeliği olanların olmayanlara oranla zorbalığa uğrama riskinin anlamlı biçimde yüksek olduğunu ifade etmiştir (p=0,001). Kekemeliği olan ve olmayanlar arasında yapılan karşılaştırmalar, kekemeliği olan erişkinlerin, arkadaşlıkları sürdürmekte önemli ölçüde daha fazla zorluk yaşadıklarını göstermiştir (p=0,03), ancak zorbalık mağduru olan kekemeliği olan ve olmayan erişkinler arasında yapılan karşılaştırmalar, arkadaşlıkları sürdürmede gruplar arasında fark olmadığını göstermiştir. Her iki grup da zorbalığın çoğunlukla olumsuz duygusal (AWS: %71,9 ve AWNS: %73,2) ve sosyal (AWS: %60,9 ve AWNS: %63,4) olumsuz etkileri olduğunu bildirmiştir. Sonuç: Zorbalık mağduriyetinin olumsuz duygusal ve sosyal sonuçları olduğu gözlenmiştir. Mağduriyeti en aza indirmek için güçlü akran bağlarının önemli olduğu, bu nedenle arkadaşlık ilişkilerinin kekemelik ve zorbalık arasındaki yordayıcı rolünün araştırılması önerilmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Kekemelik; zorbalık; mağduriyet
- Blood GW, Blood IM. Bullying in adolescents who stutter: communicative competence and self-esteem. Contemp Issues Commun Sci Disord. 2004;31(Spring):69-79. [Crossref]
- Blood GW, Blood IM. Preliminary study of self-reported experience of physical aggression and bullying of boys who stutter: relation to increased anxiety. Percept Mot Skills. 2007;104(3 Pt 2):1060-6. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Langevin M, Packman A, Onslow M. Peer responses to stuttering in the preschool setting. Am J Speech Lang Pathol. 2009;18(3):264-76. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Ozdemir RS, St Louis KO, Topbaş S. Stuttering attitudes among Turkish family generations and neighbors from representative samples. J Fluency Disord. 2011;36(4):318-33. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Berger KS. Update on bullying at school: Science forgotten? Dev Rev. 2007;27(1):90-126. [Crossref]
- Blood GW, Boyle MP, Blood IM, Nalesnik GR. Bullying in children who stutter: speech-language pathologists' perceptions and intervention strategies. J Fluency Disord. 2010;35(2):92-109. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Olweus D. Bullying in Schools: What We Know and What We Can Do. 1st ed. Oxford (UK): Blackwell; 1993.
- Lievense P, Vacaru VS, Liber J, Bonnet M, Sterkenburg PS. "Stop bullying now!" Investigating the effectiveness of a serious game for teachers in promoting autonomy-supporting strategies for disabled adults: a randomized controlled trial. Disabil Health J. 2019;12(2):310-7. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Kara İ, Karamete A. Kekemeliği olan yetişkinlerin okul çağındaki akran zorbalığı mağduriyetlerinin belirlenmesi: ön çalışma [Determining the effects of victimization by peer-bullying during school-age on adults who stutter: a preliminary study]. Journal of Language, Speech and Swallowing Research. 2018;1(1):50-61. [Link]
- Kayhan Aktürk Ş, Özdemir RS. A comparison of peer relations between preschool children who stutter and their uent peers. Arch Health Sci Res. 2021;8(3):153-9. [Crossref]
- Blood GW, Blood IM. Long-term consequences of childhood bullying in adults who stutter: social anxiety, fear of negative evaluation, self-esteem, and satisfaction with life. J Fluency Disord. 2016;50:72-84. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Craig WM, Pepler DJ. Understanding bullying: from research to practice. Canadian Psychology-Psychologie Canadienne. 2007;48(2):86-93. [Crossref]
- Hugh-Jones S, Smith PK. Self-reports of short- and long-term effects of bullying on children who stammer. Br J Educ Psychol. 1999;69(Pt 2):141-58. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Iverach L, O'Brian S, Jones M, Block S, Lincoln M, Harrison E, et al. Prevalence of anxiety disorders among adults seeking speech therapy for stuttering. J Anxiety Disord. 2009;23(7):928-34. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Kapçı EG. İlkögretim öğrencilerinin zorbalığa maruz kalma türünün ve sıklığının depresyon, kaygı ve benlik saygısıyla ilişkisi [Bullying type and severity among elementary school students and its relationship with depression, anxiety and self esteem]. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi. 2004;37(1):1-13. [Crossref]
- Schäfer M, Korn S, Smith PK, Hunter SC, Mora-Merchán JA, Singer MM, et al. Lonely in the crowd: Recollections of bullying. Br J Dev Psychol. 2004;22(3):379-94. [Crossref]
- Hunter SC, Boyle JM, Warden D. Perceptions and correlates of peer-victimization and bullying. Br J Educ Psychol. 2007;77(Pt 4):797-810. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Ratcliff BR, Burrow-Sanchez JJ. The influence of perceived reason for being bullied on the relation between type of bullying and depressive symptoms. J Sch Violence. 2022;21(2):161-74. [Crossref]
- Solberg ME, Olweus D. Prevalence estimation of school bullying with the Olweus Bully Victim Questionnaire. Aggressive Behavior. 2003;29(3):239-68. [Crossref]
- Volk AA, Dane AV, Marini ZA. What is bullying? A theoretical redefinition. Dev Rev. 2014;34(4):327-43. [Crossref]
- Salmivalli C. Bullying and the peer group: a review. Aggression Violent Beh. 2010;15(2):112-20. [Crossref]
- Baumeister RF, Leary MR. The need to belong: desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychol Bull. 1995;117(3):497-529. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Boulton MJ, Trueman M, Chau C, Whitehand C, Amatya K. Concurrent and longitudinal links between friendship and peer victimization: implications for befriending interventions. J Adolesc. 1999;22(4):461-6. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Pellegrini AD, Bartini M, Brooks F. School bullies, victims, and aggressive victims: Factors relating to group affiliation and victimization in early adolescence. J Educ Psychol. 1999;91(2):216-24. [Crossref]
- Fox CL, Boulton MJ. Friendship as a moderator of the relationship between social skills problems and peer victimisation. Aggressive Beh. 2006;32(2):110-21. [Crossref]
- Hunter SC, Boyle JME. Perceptions of control in the victims of school bullying: the importance of early intervention. Educ Res. 2002;44(3):323-36. [Crossref]
- Spriggs AL, Iannotti RJ, Nansel TR, Haynie DL. Adolescent bullying involvement and perceived family, peer and school relations: commonalities and differences across race/ethnicity. J Adolesc Health. 2007;41(3):283-93. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Pepler DJ, Craig WM, Ziegler S, Charach A. An evaluation of an anti-bullying intervention in Toronto schools. Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health. 1994;13(2):95-100. [Crossref]
- Craig WM, Henderson K, Murphy JG. Prospective teachers' attitudes toward bullying and victimization. Sch Psychol Int. 2000;21(1):5-21. [Crossref]
- Ellis AA, Shute R. Teacher responses to bullying in relation to moral orientation and seriousness of bullying. Br J Educ Psychol. 2007;77(Pt 3):649-63. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Son E, Parish SL, Peterson NA. National prevalence of peer victimization among young children with disabilities in the United States. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2012;34(8):1540-5. [Crossref]
- Monopoli WJ, Evans SW, Himawan LK. Risk and protective factors for patterns of bullying involvement in middle school students. J Sch Violence. 2022. [Crossref]
.: İşlem Listesi