Otoimmün hastalıklar otoantikor üretimi ve doku yıkımı ile karakterize olup kalıtsal ve çevresel faktörlerden etkilenmektedir. Çölyak hastalığı genetik olarak yatkın olan bireylerde diyetle alınan glutene karşı duyarlılık sonucunda ortaya çıkan immünolojik olarak gelişen inflamatuvar yanıt sonucu intestinal villuslarda hasar ve klinik olarak malabsorpsiyona neden olan kronik otoimmün bir hastalıktır. İnflamasyon sürecien spesifik antikor üretimi eşilik eder ve gastrointestinal semptomlarla birlikte çeşitli bağırsak dışı semptomlara yol açar. Hastalığın dünyadaki prevalansının %1 olduğu tahmin edilmekle birlikte hastalığın tanısında kullanılan duyarlı ve spesifik testlerinin kullanılması nedeniyle bildirilen vaka sayısı gün geçtikçe artmaktadır. Hastalığın temelinde insan lökosit antijeni (HLA)-DQA1/B1 lokuslarındaki allellerle kodlanan HLA sınıf II protein moleküllerinin olduğu bilinmektedir. Klinik testlerde moleküler teşhis yöntemlerinde en çok HLA- DQA1/ DQB1, HLA-DRB1, HLA-DRA, CTLA4 ve MYO9B gen bölgeleri taranmaktadır. Hastalığın tedavisinde farmakolojik bir yaklaşım bulunmamakla birlikte, glutensiz diyet etkin olarak kabul edilen tek tedavi yöntemidir. Alternatif veya destekleyici bir tedavi yönteminin bulunması için preklinik ve klinik olarak oral endopeptidazlar, transglutaminaz inhibitörleri, glukokortikoidler, mikrobiyota ilişkili tedaviler, gluten bağlayıcı polimerler, immünomodülatör peptitler gibi farklı tedaviler denenmektedir. Glutene karşı bağışıklık toleransını yeniden sağlamak veya gluten kaynaklı bağışıklık aktivasyonu engellemek amacıyla potansiyel terapötik ajanların araştırmaları devam etmektedir. Yazılan derlemede çölyak hastalarına yönelik etkili bir terapötik yaklaşım bulmak amacıyla, literatürde yer alan güncel çalışmalar gözden geçirilmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Çölyak hastalığı; otoimmünite; genetik test; ilaç tedavisi
Autoimmune diseases are characterized by autoantibody production and tissue destruction and are affected by hereditary and environmental factors. Celiac disease is a chronic autoimmune disease that causes damage to intestinal villi and clinical malabsorption as a result of an immunologically developed inflammatory response resulting from sensitivity to dietary gluten in individuals who are genetically predisposed. The inflammatory process is accompanied by the production of specific antibodies and causes a variety of extra-intestinal symptoms along with gastrointestinal symptoms. Although the prevalence of the disease in the world is estimated at 1%, the number of reported cases is increasing day by day due to the use of sensitive and specific tests in the diagnosis of the disease. It is known that HLA class II protein molecules encoded by the alleles in the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQA1/B1 loci are the basis of the disease. In clinical tests, molecular diagnostic methods mostly scan the HLA-DQA1/DQB1, HLA-DRB1, HLA-DRA, CTLA4, and MYO9B gene regions. Although there is no pharmacological approach to the treatment of the disease, a gluten-free diet is the only effective treatment method. In order to find an alternative or supportive treatment method, different treatments such as oral endopeptidases, transglutaminase inhibitors, glucocorticoids, microbiota-related treatments, gluten-binding polymers, and immunomodulatory peptides are tried both preclinically and clinically. Research continues for potential therapeutic agents to restore immune tolerance to gluten or to inhibit gluten-induced immune activation. In this review, current studies in the literature were reviewed in order to find an effective therapeutic approach for celiac patients.
Keywords: Celiac disease; autoimmunity; genetic testing; drug therapy
- Ludvigsson JF, Leffler DA, Bai JC, Biagi F, Fasano A, Green PH, etal. The Oslo definitions for coeliac disease and related terms. Gut. 2013;62(1):43-52. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Sahin Y. Celiac disease in children: a review of the literature. World J Clin Pediatr. 2021;10(4):53-71. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Singh P, Arora A, Strand TA, Leffler DA, Catassi C, Green PH, et al. Global Prevalence of Celiac Disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;16(6):823-36.e2. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Tunçer E, Yabancı Ayhan N. Çölyak hastalığında mikro besin ögeleri [Micronutrients deficiencies and nutritional recommendations in celiac disease]. Bandırma Onyedi Eylül Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri ve Araştırmaları Dergisi. 2021;3(1). [Crossref]
- King JA, Jeong J, Underwood FE, Quan J, Panaccione N, Windsor JW, et al. Incidence of celiac disease is increasing over time: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2020;115(4):507-25. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Yıldırım H, Öngün Yılmaz H. Çölyak hastalığı ile tamamlayıcı beslenme, anne sütü ve emzirme ilişkisi [The relationship between celiac disease and complementary feeding, breast milk and breastfeeding]. Türkiye Sağlık Bilimleri ve Araştırmaları Dergisi. 2021;4(3):85-98. [Crossref]
- Shewry PR, Halford NG, Belton PS, Tatham AS. The structure and properties of gluten: an elastic protein from wheat grain. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2002;357(1418):133-42. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Guandalini S, Discepolo V. Celiac disease. In: Guandalini S, Dhawan A, Branski D, eds. Textbook of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition: A Comprehensive Guide to Practice. 1st ed. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing; 2016. p.425-69.
- Leonard MM, Sapone A, Catassi C, Fasano A. Celiac disease and nonceliac gluten sensitivity: a review. JAMA. 2017;318(7):647-56. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Reilly NR, Aguilar K, Hassid BG, Cheng J, Defelice AR, Kazlow P, et al. Celiac disease in normal-weight and overweight children: clinical features and growth outcomes following a gluten-free diet. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2011;53(5):528-31. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Baydoun A, Maakaron JE, Halawi H, Abou Rahal J, Taher AT. Hematological manifestations of celiac disease. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2012;47(12):1401-11. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Kamycheva E, Goto T, Camargo CA Jr. Celiac disease is associated with reduced bone mineral density and increased FRAX scores in the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Osteoporos Int. 2017;28(3):781-90. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Torres MI, Palomeque T, Lorite P. Celiac disease and other autoimmune disorders. In: Torres MI, Lorite P, eds. Autoimmunity- Pathogenesis, Clinical Aspects and Therapy of Specific Autoimmune Diseases. InTech; 2015. [Crossref]
- Caio G, Volta U, Sapone A, Leffler DA, De Giorgio R, Catassi C, et al. Celiac disease: a comprehensive current review. BMC Med. 2019;17(1):142. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Rashtak S, Murray JA. Review article: coeliac disease, new approaches to therapy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2012;35(7):768-81. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Lee AR, Wolf RL, Lebwohl B, Ciaccio EJ, Green PHR. Persistent economic burden of the gluten free diet. Nutrients. 2019;11(2):399. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Parkes M, Cortes A, van Heel DA, Brown MA. Genetic insights into common pathways and complex relationships among immune-mediated diseases. Nat Rev Genet. 2013;14(9):661-73. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Dieterich W, Ehnis T, Bauer M, Donner P, Volta U, Riecken EO, et al. Identification of tissue transglutaminase as the autoantigen of celiac disease. Nat Med. 1997;3(7):797-801. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Malheiro AJ, Dean LC, Hoeppner MA, Lyoshin V, Gu B, Chen C, et al. How the NIH Genetic Testing Registry and Medical Genetics Summaries can help oncologists adopt pharmacogenetics guidelines. 2020;38(15 Suppl):e14141. [Crossref]
- Ronquillo JG, Weng C, Lester WT. Assessing the readiness of precision medicine interoperabilty: an exploratory study of the National Institutes of Health genetic testing registry. J Innov Health Inform. 2017;24(4):918. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Rubinstein WS, Maglott DR, Lee JM, Kattman BL, Malheiro AJ, Ovetsky M, et al. The NIH genetic testing registry: a new, centralized database of genetic tests to enable access to comprehensive information and improve transparency. Nucleic Acids Res. 2013;41(Database issue):D925-35. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Vanga RR, Kelly CP. Novel therapeutic approaches for celiac disease. Discov Med. 2014;17(95):285-93. [PubMed]
- Tack GJ, van de Water JM, Bruins MJ, Kooy-Winkelaar EM, van Bergen J, Bonnet P, et al. Consumption of gluten with gluten-degrading enzyme by celiac patients: a pilot-study. World J Gastroenterol. 2013;19(35):5837-47. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Gottlieb K, Dawson J, Hussain F, Murray JA. Development of drugs for celiac disease: review of endpoints for Phase 2 and 3 trials. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf). 2015;3(2):91-102. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Tye-Din JA, Galipeau HJ, Agardh D. Celiac disease: a review of current concepts in pathogenesis, prevention, and novel therapies. Front Pediatr. 2018;6:350. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Lähdeaho ML, Kaukinen K, Laurila K, Vuotikka P, Koivurova OP, Kärjä-Lahdensuu T, et al. Glutenase ALV003 attenuates gluten-induced mucosal injury in patients with celiac disease. Gastroenterology. 2014;146(7):1649-58. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Syage JA, Green PHR, Khosla C, Adelman DC, Sealey-Voyksner JA, Murray JA. Latiglutenase treatment for celiac disease: symptom and quality of life ımprovement for seropositive patients on a gluten-free diet. GastroHep. 2019;1(6):293-301. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Wolf C, Siegel JB, Tinberg C, Camarca A, Gianfrani C, Paski S, et al. Engineering of Kuma030: a gliadin peptidase that rapidly degrades immunogenic gliadin peptides in gastric conditions. J Am Chem Soc. 2015;137(40):13106-13. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Pultz IS, Hill M, Vitanza JM, Wolf C, Saaby L, Liu T, et al. Gluten degradation, pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of tak-062, an engineered enzyme to treat celiac disease. Gastroenterology. 2021;161(1):81-93.e3. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Pultz IS, Leffler D, Liu T, Winkle P, Vitanza J, Hill M. 1125 KUMA062 effectively digests gluten in the human stomach: results of a phase 1 study. Gastroenterology. 2020;158(6):S-218. [Crossref]
- Rauhavirta T, Oittinen M, Kivistö R, Männistö PT, Garcia-Horsman JA, Wang Z, et al. Are transglutaminase 2 inhibitors able to reduce gliadin-induced toxicity related to celiac disease? A proof-of-concept study. J Clin Immunol. 2013;33(1):134-42. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Cengiz C. Çölyak hastalığında yeni terapötik yaklaşımlar [New therapeutic approaches in celiac disease]. Güncel Gastroenteroloji. 2010;14(4):198-201.
- Alhassan E, Yadav A, Kelly CP, Mukherjee R. Novel nondietary therapies for celiac disease. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;8(3):335-45. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Ventura MAE, Sajko K, Hils M, Pasternack R, Greinwald R, Tewes B, et al. Su1161-the oral transglutaminase 2 (TG2) inhibitor Zed1227 blocks TG2 activity in a mouse model of intestinal inflammation. Gastroenterology. 2018;154(6):S-490. [Crossref]
- Shalimar, Das P, Sreenivas V, Datta Gupta S, Panda SK, Makharia GK. Effect of addition of short course of prednisolone to gluten-free diet on mucosal epithelial cell regeneration and apoptosis in celiac disease: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Dig Dis Sci. 2012;57(12):3116-25. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Ciacci C, Maiuri L, Russo I, Tortora R, Bucci C, Cappello C, et al. Efficacy of budesonide therapy in the early phase of treatment of adult coeliac disease patients with malabsorption: an in vivo/in vitro pilot study. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2009;36(12):1170-6. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Therrien A, Silvester JA, Leffler DA, Kelly CP. Efficacy of enteric-release oral budesonide in treatment of acute reactions to gluten in patients with celiac disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;18(1):254-6. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Mukewar SS, Sharma A, Rubio-Tapia A, Wu TT, Jabri B, Murray JA. Open-capsule budesonide for refractory celiac disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017;112(6):959-67. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Marasco G, Cirota GG, Rossini B, Lungaro L, Di Biase AR, Colecchia A, et al. Probiotics, prebiotics and other dietary supplements for gut microbiota modulation in celiac disease patients. Nutrients. 2020;12(9):2674. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Cristofori F, Indrio F, Miniello VL, De Angelis M, Francavilla R. Probiotics in celiac disease. Nutrients. 2018;10(12):1824. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Galipeau H, McCarville JL, Moeller S, Murray JA, Alaedini A, Jabri B, et al. Tu1749 Gluten-Induced Responses in NOD/DQ8 Mice Are Influenced by Bacterial Colonization. Gastroenterology. 2014;5 Supplement 1(146):S-833. [Crossref]
- D'Arienzo R, Maurano F, Luongo D, Mazzarella G, Stefanile R, Troncone R, et al. Adjuvant effect of Lactobacillus casei in a mouse model of gluten sensitivity. Immunol Lett. 2008;119(1-2):78-83. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- D'Arienzo R, Stefanile R, Maurano F, Mazzarella G, Ricca E, Troncone R, et al. Immunomodulatory effects of Lactobacillus casei administration in a mouse model of gliadin-sensitive enteropathy. Scand J Immunol. 2011;74(4):335-41. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Lindfors K, Blomqvist T, Juuti-Uusitalo K, Stenman S, Venäläinen J, Mäki M, et al. Live probiotic Bifidobacterium lactis bacteria inhibit the toxic effects induced by wheat gliadin in epithelial cell culture. Clin Exp Immunol. 2008;152(3):552-8. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Papista C, Gerakopoulos V, Kourelis A, Sounidaki M, Kontana A, Berthelot L, et al. Gluten induces coeliac-like disease in sensitised mice involving IgA, CD71 and transglutaminase 2 interactions that are prevented by probiotics. Lab Invest. 2012;92(4):625-35. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Klemenak M, Dolin?ek J, Langerholc T, Di Gioia D, Mičetić-Turk D. Administration of Bifidobacterium breve decreases the production of TNF-α in children with celiac disease. Dig Dis Sci. 2015;60(11):3386-92. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Francavilla R, Piccolo M, Francavilla A, Polimeno L, Semeraro F, Cristofori F, et al. Clinical and microbiological effect of a multispecies probiotic supplementation in celiac patients with persistent IBS-type symptoms: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2019;53(3):e117-25. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Helmby H. Human helminth therapy to treat inflammatory disorders-where do we stand? BMC Immunol. 2015;16:12. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Croese J, Gaze ST, Loukas A. Changed gluten immunity in celiac disease by Necator americanus provides new insights into autoimmunity. Int J Parasitol. 2013;43(3-4):275-82. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- McSorley HJ, Gaze S, Daveson J, Jones D, Anderson RP, Clouston A, et al. Suppression of inflammatory immune responses in celiac disease by experimental hookworm infection. PLoS One. 2011;6(9):e24092. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Croese J, Giacomin P, Navarro S, Clouston A, McCann L, Dougall A, et al. Experimental hookworm infection and gluten microchallenge promote tolerance in celiac disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;135(2):508-16. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Pinier M, Fuhrmann G, Galipeau HJ, Rivard N, Murray JA, David CS, et al. The copolymer P(HEMA-co-SS) binds gluten and reduces immune response in gluten-sensitized mice and human tissues. Gastroenterology. 2012;142(2):316-25.e1-12. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- McCarville JL, Nisemblat Y, Galipeau HJ, Jury J, Tabakman R, Cohen A, et al. BL-7010 demonstrates specific binding to gliadin and reduces gluten-associated pathology in a chronic mouse model of gliadin sensitivity. PLoS One. 2014;9(11):e109972. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- ClinicalTrials.gov [Internet]. [Cited: April 6, 2022]. Safety and Systemic Exposure Study of BL-7010 in Well-Controlled Celiac Patients.-Full Text View. Available from: [Link]
- Freitag TL, Podojil JR, Pearson RM, Fokta FJ, Sahl C, Messing M, et al. Gliadin nanoparticles induce immune tolerance to gliadin in mouse models of celiac disease. Gastroenterology. 2020;158(6):1667-81.e12. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Kelly C, Murray J, Leffler DA, Bledsoe A, Smithson G, Podojil JR, et al. CNP-101 Prevents Gluten Challenge Induced Immune Activation in Adults with Celiac Disease. United European Gastroenterology Journal. 2019;7 Issue 8(Supplement). [Link]
- ClinicalTrials.gov [Internet]. [Cited: April 6, 2022]. Search of: NCT03486990-List Results. Available from: [Link]
- Castillo NE, Leffler DA. Celiac disease as a model disorder for testing novel autoimmune therapeutics. The Value of BCG and TNF in Autoimmunity. 1st ed. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Academic Press; 2014. p.126-39. [Crossref]
- Gopalakrishnan S, Tripathi A, Tamiz AP, Alkan SS, Pandey NB. Larazotide acetate promotes tight junction assembly in epithelial cells. Peptides. 2012;35(1):95-101. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Paterson BM, Lammers KM, Arrieta MC, Fasano A, Meddings JB. The safety, tolerance, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of single doses of AT-1001 in coeliac disease subjects: a proof of concept study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007;26(5):757-66. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Leffler DA, Kelly CP, Abdallah HZ, Colatrella AM, Harris LA, Leon F, et al. A randomized, double-blind study of larazotide acetate to prevent the activation of celiac disease during gluten challenge. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012;107(10):1554-62. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Leffler DA, Kelly CP, Green PH, Fedorak RN, DiMarino A, Perrow W, et al. Larazotide acetate for persistent symptoms of celiac disease despite a gluten-free diet: a randomized controlled trial. Gastroenterology. 2015;148(7):1311-9.e6. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Sample DA, Sunwoo HH, Huynh HQ, Rylance HL, Robert CL, Xu BW, et al. AGY, a novel egg yolk-derived anti-gliadin antibody, is safe for patients with celiac disease. Dig Dis Sci. 2017;62(5):1277-85. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Palaniyappan A, Das D, Kammila S, Suresh MR, Sunwoo HH. Diagnostics of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) nucleocapsid antigen using chicken immunoglobulin Y. Poult Sci. 2012;91(3):636-42. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Gujral N, Löbenberg R, Suresh M, Sunwoo H. In-vitro and in-vivo binding activity of chicken egg yolk immunoglobulin Y (IgY) against gliadin in food matrix. J Agric Food Chem. 2012;60(12):3166-72. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Lähdeaho ML, Scheinin M, Vuotikka P, Taavela J, Popp A, Laukkarinen J, et al. Safety and efficacy of AMG 714 in adults with coeliac disease exposed to gluten challenge: a phase 2a, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;4(12):948-59. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Cellier C, Bouma G, van Gils T, Khater S, Malamut G, Crespo L, et al; RCD-II Study Group Investigators. Safety and efficacy of AMG 714 in patients with type 2 refractory coeliac disease: a phase 2a, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;4(12):960-970. [PubMed]
- Motta JP, Bermúdez-Humarán LG, Deraison C, Martin L, Rolland C, Rousset P, et al. Food-grade bacteria expressing elafin protect against inflammation and restore colon homeostasis. Sci Transl Med. 2012;4(158):158ra144. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Galipeau HJ, Wiepjes M, Motta JP, Schulz JD, Jury J, Natividad JM, et al. Novel role of the serine protease inhibitor elafin in gluten-related disorders. Am J Gastroenterol. 2014;109(5):748-56. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
.: İşlem Listesi