Günümüzde, basınç yaralanmaları ciddi bir sağlık sorunudur. Basınç yaralanmalarının önlenmesine ve tedavisine yönelik klinik uygulama kılavuzlarında çocuklar, basınç yaralanması gelişimi açısından yüksek riskli popülasyon olarak kabul edilmektedir. Çocuklarda basınç yaralanması gelişimini etkileyen risk faktörleri; vücudun anatomik gelişimini tamamlamaması, gestasyonel yaşın küçük olması, hastane yatış süresinin uzaması, beslenme bozukluğu, hemoglobin düzeyinde düşüş, doku perfüzyonunda bozulma, inatçı ateş, inkontinans, sürtünme ve yırtılmaya maruziyet, cerrahi girişim, mobilizasyonda bozulma ve tıbbi araç kullanımıdır. Basınç yaralanmasını önlemede ilk strateji, geçerli ve güvenilir bir risk değerlendirme aracıyla, hastanın sistematik ve periyodik olarak değerlendirilmesidir. Bu sayede, basınç yaralanması gelişme riski yüksek olan hastalar belirlenerek, hemşirelik bakımı risk düzeyine uygun planlanabilir ve basınç yaralanmalarının gelişimi engellenebilir. Çocuk hastalarda, basınç yaralanması risk değerlendirmesi hastaneye yatıştan itibaren başlatılmalı ve taburculuğa kadar düzenli olarak devam etmelidir. Ayrıca mobilite ve duyusal algılamada problemi olan çocuklarda risk değerlendirmesi, her gün en az bir kez yapılmalıdır. Kronik hastalarda, risk skoru değişim göstermiyorsa haftada bir kez risk değerlendirmesi yeterli olacaktır. Ancak hastanın klinik durumunda bir değişiklik olursa, risk değerlendirme sıklığı yeniden planlanmalıdır. Çocuklarda risk değerlendirmesi için birden fazla ölçek mevcuttur ancak bunlar arasında tıbbi araçlara bağlı basınç yaralanmalarını değerlendirmesi, kullanım kolaylığı ve uygulama yaş aralığının geniş olması gibi nedenlerle Braden QD Ölçeği'nin kullanılması önerilmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Basınç yaralanması; risk faktörleri; risk değerlendirmesi; çocuk; hemşirelik
Globally, pressure injuries are a serious health problem. In clinical practice guidelines for the prevention and treatment of pressure injuries, children are considered a high-risk population for the development of pressure injuries. Risk factors for pressure injury in children are immature anatomical development, small gestational age, prolonged hospitalization, malnutrition, hemoglobin level decrease, impaired tissue perfusion, fever, incontinence, exposure to friction and tearing, surgical intervention, impaired mobilization, and use of medical device. The first strategy for preventing pressure injury is the systematic and periodic evaluation of the patient with a reliable and valid risk assessment tool. Thus, identifying patients at high risk of developing a pressure injury and nursing care planning in accordance with the patient's risk level by nurses ensure minimizing the risk and providing cost-effective health care. In pediatric patients, pressure injury risk assessment should be initiated from hospital admission and continued regularly until discharge. In addition, risk assessment should be performed at least once a day in children with mobility and sensory perception problems. In chronic patients, risk assessment once per week will be sufficient if the risk score does not change. However, if there is a change in the clinical condition, the frequency of the risk assessment should be rescheduled. Although there are more than one risk assessment scales for children, it is recommended to use the Braden QD Scale among other scales due to its features for evaluating medical device-related pressure injuries, ease of use, and wide applicable age range.
Keywords: Pressure injury; risk factors; risk assessment; child; nursing
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