Bu derlemenin amacı; ayna nöronların keşfini, nörofizyolojisini irdelemek, ayna nöronların fiziksel, sosyal ve bilişsel fonksiyonlar üzerindeki rollerini inceleyerek; özellikle motor kontrol, taklit etme, empati, öğrenme, karar verme ve yargılama süreçleri üzerindeki etkilerini ortaya koymaktır. Ayna nöronlar maymunlarda keşfedildiği zamandan beri üzerinde çok sayıda araştırma yapılmış bir nöron grubudur. Bu keşiften sonra bilim insanları, ayna nöronların insanlardaki varlığı ve çalışma mekanizmasıyla ilgili yoğun bir çalışma içerisine girmişlerdir. Ayna nöronlar, gözlemlenen ve yürütülen eylemleri eşleştirme, hem 'kendi eylemlerini' hem de 'başkalarının eylemlerini' kodlama kapasitesine sahip nöronlardır. Karşıdaki kişinin hareketlerini bir ayna gibi yansıtarak aktifleşmektedir. İnsan beyninde ventral premotor korteks ve alt parietal lobül, dorsal premotor korteks, superior parietal lobül, serebellum, suplementer motor alan ve mediyal temporal lob gibi alanlarda ayna nöronlarının varlığıyla ilgili kanıtlar bulunmuştur. İnsanlarda ayna nöron mekanizmasının yolu otomatik taklittir. Otomatik taklit, bir eylemin gözleminin benzer bir eylemin performansını istemeden kolaylaştırdığında veya farklı bir eylemin performansına müdahale ettiğinde meydana gelmektedir. İnsanlar el, kol, ayak ve ağız hareketlerini gözlemlediklerinde güçlü bir otomatik taklit gerçekleştirirler. Duyusal ve motor alanlarda aktive olan ayna nöron mekanizmaları, beceri kazanma ve sosyal etkileşimler üzerinde etkili olarak öğrenme ve karar verme süreçlerinde rol oynamaktadır. Ayna nöronlar, el-görsel motor, ağız-görsel motor ve işitsel-vokal ayna nöronlar olarak sınıflandırılmıştır. Derlememizde, ayna nöronların fiziksel fonksiyondaki rolü, motor hareketi anlama ve motor öğrenme, sosyal ve bilişsel fonksiyondaki rolü taklit etme, öğrenme, empati kurma, yargılama ve karar verme, hastalık ve rehabilitasyondaki rolleri de ayna nöronlar ve nörodejeneratif hastalıklar ile rehabilitasyonları kapsamında incelenmiştir. Ayna nöronların bu rollerinin iyi anlaşılması, bu süreçlerin iyileştirilmesi ve rehabilitasyonu için katkı sağlayabilecektir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Mirror nöronları; öğrenme; karar verme; empati
This review aimed to examine the discovery and neurophysiology of mirror neurons, to examine the roles of mirror neurons on physical, social, and cognitive functions, and to reveal their effects on motor control, imitation, empathy, learning, decision-making, and judgment processes. Mirror neurons are a group of neurons that have been extensively studied since they were discovered in monkeys. After this discovery, scientists began an intense study of the existence and working mechanism of mirror neurons in humans. Mirror neurons are neurons that can match observed and executed actions, encoding both 'their actions' and 'actions of others'. It is activated by reflecting the movements of the other person like a mirror. Evidence for the presence of mirror neurons has been found in the human brain in areas such as the ventral premotor cortex and lower parietal lobule, dorsal premotor cortex, superior parietal lobule, cerebellum, supplementary motor area, and mediyal temporal lobe. The pathway of the mirror neuron mechanism in humans is automatic mimicry. Automatic imitation occurs when the observation of one action unintentionally facilitates the performance of similar action or interferes with the performance of different activities. When people observe hand, arm, foot, and mouth movements, they perform a powerful automatic imitation. Mirror neuron mechanisms, which are activated in sensory and motor areas, play a role in learning and decision-making processes by being effective in skill acquisition and social interactions. Mirror neurons are classified as hand-visual motor, oral-visual motor, and auditory-vocal mirror neurons. In our review, the role of mirror neurons in physical function, understanding motor movement, and motor learning, imitating the role in social and cognitive function, learning, empathy, judgment, and decision making, and their roles in illness and rehabilitation have been examined within the scope of mirror neurons and neurodegenerative diseases and their rehabilitation. A good understanding of these roles of mirror neurons will contribute to the improvement and rehabilitation of these processes.
Keywords: Mirror neurons; learning; decision making; empathy
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