Atriyal fibrilasyonu (AF) olan hastalarda tromboembolik olay riskini azaltmak için oral antikoagülanların rolü çok önemlidir. Bu amaçla, yaygın olarak kullanılan antikoagülan ilaç bir K vitamini antagonisti [vitamin K antagonist (VKA)] olan varfarindir. Fakat nonvalvüler AF'li hastalarda, diğer ilaçlarla minimum düzeyde etkileşime girmesi, gıda ile etkileşimlerinin olmaması ve antikoagülan aktivitelerinin sık izlem gerektirmemesi gibi özellikleri, direkt oral antikoagülanları (DOAK) etkinliği ve güvenliği açısından ön plana çıkarmıştır. Son yıllarda klinik çalışmalardan ve gerçek yaşam kanıtlarından veriler elde edildikçe, DOAK'lerin kullanım endikasyonları artmakta ve birçok bağlamda güvenli ve etkili bir terapötik yaklaşım olarak VKA tedavisinin yerini almaktadır. Çalışmalardan elde edilen kapsamlı sonuçlara göre DOAK'ler VKA'ya kıyasla inme, sistemik emboli ve intrakraniyal kanama vakalarında önemli bir azalma sağlamıştır. DOAK'lerin VKA tedavisine göre bazı avantajları olmasına rağmen etkinlik ve güvenliği sağlamak için tedavide DOAK'ler ve VKA arasındaki tercih aşamasında dikkatli bir karar verme süreci gerekmektedir. AF'si olan ve aynı zamanda farklı komorbiditelere sahip riskli hastalarda DOAK'lerin kullanımıyla ilgili olarak net veriler bulunmamaktadır. Bu derlemede, AF'si olan, perkütan koroner girişim uygulanan, yaşlı, obez, kronik böbrek yetersizliği, karaciğer yetersizliği, siroz hastalığı, kırık riski ve kalp kapak hastalığı olan hastalarda DOAK'lerin kullanımına dair sistematik derleme ve metaanalizlerin sonuçları sunulmuştur. Sonuç olarak, AF'li hastalarda belirtilen komorbidite durumlarında DOAK'leri VKA'ya karşın ön plana çıkaran kanıtlar mevcut olsa da daha fazla çalışmaya ve güçlü kanıtlara ihtiyaç duyulduğu belirtilmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Atriyal fibrilasyon; iskemik inme; antikoagülanlar; kanama
The role of oral anticoagulants is significant in reducing the risk of thromboembolic events in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). The anticoagulant drug commonly used for this purpose is warfarin, a vitamin K antagonist (VKA). However, in patients with nonvalvular AF, direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) have come to the forefront regarding their efficacy and safety due to their minimal interaction with other drugs, no interactions with food, and the fact that their anticoagulant activities do not require frequent monitoring. In recent years, as data from clinical trials and real-life evidence become available, indications for the use of DOACs have increased and are replacing VKA therapy as a safe and effective therapeutic approach in many contexts. Comprehensive results from the studies showed that DOACs significantly reduced stroke, systemic embolism, and intracranial hemorrhage compared to VKA. Although DOACs have some advantages over VKA treatment, careful decision-making is required to choose between DOACs and VKAs in treatment to ensure efficacy and safety. There are no clear data on the use of DOACs in risky patients with AF and different comorbidities. In this review, systematic reviews and meta-analyses on DOACs in patients with AF undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention, elderly, obese, chronic renal failure, liver failure, cirrhosis, fracture risk, and valvular heart disease are presented. In conclusion, although there is evidence that favors DOACs over VKA in the comorbidities stated in patients with AF, it is stated that more studies and strong evidence are needed.
Keywords: Atrial fibrillation; ischemic stroke; anticoagulants; hemorrhage
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