Dünya genelinde ölümlerin başlıca nedeni olarak ifade edilen kardiyovasküler hastalıkların altında yatan etken genellikle aterosklerozdur. Ateroskleroz, intimal düşük yoğunluklu lipoprotein birikiminin artmasıyla başlayan ve endotel hücre geçirgenliğinin arttığı kronik inflamatuar bir durumdur. İnflamasyonun aterosklerotik olayların temel etkeni olduğu vurgulanmaktadır. Bilindiği gibi inflamasyon, vücudu enfeksiyonlara ve diğer hasarlara karşı koruyan ve iyileşmeyi destekleyen fizyolojik bir süreçtir. Ancak inflamatuar süreçler sırasında kalıcı immün reaksiyonlar aterosklerotik sürecin belirgin özelliğidir. Aterosklerozun farklı aşamalarında birçok immün sistem hücresi rol oynamaktadır. Son yıllarda, bazı amino asitlerin metabolik yolakları, inflamasyon ile ilgili mekanizmaların kontrolünde kritik kontrol noktaları olarak ifade edilmektedir. İmmün ve inflamatuar yanıtların önemli düzenleyicileri olarak ortaya çıkan farklı metabolik yolaklar arasında triptofan metabolizması kardiyovasküler hastalıkların gelişiminde önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Triptofan metabolizmasındaki değişiklikler ile aterosklerozun başlangıcı ve ilerlemesi arasındaki ilişki tanımlanmıştır. Triptofan metabolizmasının %95'inden sorumlu olan metabolik yolak kinürenin yolağıdır. Sistemik düşük dereceli immün aracılıklı inflamasyon, interferon-γ gibi proinflamatuar sitokinlerin rol oynadığı aterosklerozda belirleyicidir. İnterferon-γ, indolamin 2,3-dioksijenaz enzimini yukarı regüle ederek triptofanın serum seviyelerini azaltmakta ve kinürenin yolağının metabolit düzeylerini artırmaktadır. Artan indolamin 2,3-dioksijenaz ekspresyonu ve aktivitesi ateroskleroz sürecini hızlandırmaktadır. Çalışmalar kinürenin yolağının biyoaktif metabolitlerinin ateroskleroz gelişiminde inflamatuar sürece katkısını göstermiştir. Bu derlemede, kinürenin yolağı temelinde triptofan metabolizması ve aterosklerotik kardiyovasküler hastalıklar arasındaki ilişkiye dikkat çeken güncel araştırmalar özetlemektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Ateroskleroz; inflamasyon; triptofan metabolizması; kinürenin yolağı
The underlying factor behind cardiovascular diseases, which are commonly cited as the primary cause of death worldwide, is usually atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory condition characterized by increased intimal low-density lipoprotein deposition and increased endothelial cell permeability. It is emphasized that inflammation is the main factor of atherosclerotic events. As is known, inflammation is a physiological process that protects the body against infections and other injuries and supports healing. Persistent immune reactions during inflammatory processes are a characteristic feature of the atherosclerotic process. Various stages of atherosclerosis involve the participation of numerous immune system cells. In recent years, certain amino acid metabolic pathways have been identified as critical control points in controlling inflammation-related mechanisms. The metabolism of tryptophan among different metabolic pathways, emerging as significant regulators of immune and inflammatory responses, plays an important role in developing cardiovascular diseases. The relationship between changes in tryptophan metabolism and the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis has been defined. The metabolic pathway responsible for approximately 95% of tryptophan metabolism is the kynurenine pathway. Systemic low-grade immunemediated inflammation is a hallmark of atherosclerosis in which proinflammatory cytokines such as interferon-γ play a role. Interferon-γ decreases serum levels of tryptophan and increases levels of metabolites of the kynurenine pathway by upregulating the indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase enzyme. Increased indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase enzyme expression and activity accelerate the atherosclerosis process. Studies have shown that bioactive metabolites of the kynurenine pathway contribute to the inflammatory process in the development of atherosclerosis. In this review, current research is summarized, highlighting the relationship between tryptophan metabolism and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease based on the kynurenine pathway.
Keywords: Atherosclerosis; inflammation; tryptophan metabolism; kynurenine pathway
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