Objective: The aim was to identify anxiety and hopelessness levels of infertile women during coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and the factors affecting these variables. Material and Methods: Designed as a descriptive study, the research was conducted from September 20 to November 15 in 2020 (n=231). Women diagnosed with infertility across Türkiye were included in the study. A questionnaire was created on the website 'surveyy.com', and women were asked to respond by sharing the link to the questionnaire via social media groups related to infertility through the researchers' accounts. Results: In the study, it was found that the participant women had high levels of state anxiety and medium levels of hopelessness. As per the multiple linear regression analysis, it was identified that there was a positive association between the anxiety and hopelessness levels of the participant women (p<0.001). 'Education level of the participant women's spouses' and 'state of having pregnancy in the past' had statistically significant associations with women's state anxiety level and hopelessness levels (p<0.0001). It is found that 'whether COVID-19 pandemic affected the infertility treatment' had statistically significant associations with women's state anxiety levels and hopelessness levels (p<0.0001). Conclusion: Considering the pandemic with which we are currently faced and the similar situations with which we are likely to be confronted in the future, it is necessary to have international guidelines and mobile applications which provide measures for protecting the mental health of the women whose infertility treatment processes are interrupted.
Keywords: COVID-19; infertility; anxiety; hopelessness
Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, infertil kadınların koronavirüs hastalığı-2019 [coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19)] pandemisi sırasındaki anksiyete ve umutsuzluk düzeylerini ve bu değişkenleri etkileyen faktörleri belirlemektir. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Tanımlayıcı bir araştırma olarak tasarlanan araştırma, 20 Eylül-15 Kasım 2020 (n=231) tarihleri arasında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmaya Türkiye genelinde infertilite tanısı almış kadınlar dâhil edilmiştir. Anketler 'surveyy.com' İnternet adresi üzerinden oluşturulmuş, araştırmacıların hesapları aracılığıyla sosyal medya üzerinden infertilite ile ilgili gruplardan paylaşılarak kadınların cevaplamaları istenmiştir. Bulgular: Araştırmaya katılan kadınların durumluk kaygı düzeylerinin yüksek, umutsuzluk düzeylerinin orta düzeyde olduğu bulundu. Çoklu doğrusal regresyon analizine göre katılımcı kadınların kaygı ve umutsuzluk düzeyleri arasında pozitif yönde bir ilişki olduğu belirlendi (p<0,001). 'Kadınların eşlerinin eğitim düzeyi' ve 'geçmişte gebelik geçirme durumu', kadınların durumluk kaygı düzeyi ve umutsuzluk düzeyleri ile istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ilişkilere sahipti (p<0,0001). 'COVID-19 pandemisinin infertilite tedavisini etkileyip etkilememesi' durumu ile kadınların durumluk kaygı düzeyleri ve umutsuzluk düzeyleri arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ilişkiler bulunmuştur (p<0,0001). Sonuç: Hâlihazırda karşı karşıya olduğumuz pandemi ve gelecekte karşılaşabileceğimiz benzer durumlar göz önüne alındığında, infertilite tedavisi devam etmekte olan kadınların ruh sağlığının korunmasına yönelik önlemleri içeren uluslar arası kılavuzlara ve mobil uygulamalara ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: COVID-19; infertilite; kaygı; umutsuzluk
- World Health Organization (WHO). International Classification of Diseases, 11th Revision (ICD-11). Geneva: WHO; 2018. [Link]
- Mascarenhas MN, Flaxman SR, Boerma T, Vanderpoel S, Stevens GA. National, regional, and global trends in infertility prevalence since 1990: a systematic analysis of 277 health surveys. PLoS Med. 2012;9(12):e1001356. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Andersen KG, Rambaut A, Lipkin WI, Holmes EC, Garry RF. The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2. Nat Med. 2020;26(4):450-2. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- World Health Organization. Virtual press conference on COVID-19-11 March 2020. (Date of access: 15.09.2020) Available from: [Link]
- Abobaker A, Raba AA. Does COVID-19 affect male fertility? World J Urol. 2021;39(3):975-6. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- American Society for Reproductive Medicine [Internet] ©1996-2020 ASRM [Cited: 15.09.2020]. Patient management and clinical recommendations during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Available from: [Link]
- Türkiye Society of Reproductive Medicine. (2020). [ÖNEMLİ !!! Elektif işlemlerin ertelenmesi ve diğer alınacak tedbirler. Date of access: 15.09.2020 Available from [Link]
- Türkiye Society of Reproductive Medicine. Covid 19 Sonrası Yeniden Başlangıç Önerileri. 2020. [Cited: 15.09.2020]. Available from: [Link]
- Gozuyesil E, Karacay Yikar S, Nazik E. An analysis of the anxiety and hopelessness levels of women during IVF-ET treatment. Perspect Psychiatr Care. 2020;56(2):338-46. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Boivin J, Harrison C, Mathur R, Burns G, Pericleous-Smith A, Gameiro S. Patient experiences of fertility clinic closure during the COVID-19 pandemic: appraisals, coping and emotions. Hum Reprod. 2020;35(11):2556-66. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Kargın M, Ünal S. İnfertil bireylerde umutsuzluğun belirlenmesi [Determining Hopelessness In Infertile Individuals]. New Symposium Journal. 2011;49(1):54-60. Erişim tarihi: 15.09.2020 Erişim adresi: [Link]
- Spielberger CD, Gorsuch RL, Lushene RE. Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Palo Alto. CA: Consulting Psychologists Press; 1970.
- Öner N, LeCompte WA. Durumluk-sürekli Kaygı Envanteri El Kitabı. 2. Baskı. İstanbul: Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınları; 1985. [Link]
- Savaşır I, Şahin NH. Bilişsel-Davranışçı Terapilerde Değerlendirme: Sık Kullanılan Ölçekler. 1 .Baskı. Ankara: Türk Psikologlar Derneği; 1997. [Link]
- Beck AT, Weissman A, Lester D, Trexler L. The measurement of pessimism: the hopelessness scale. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1974;42(6):861-5. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Seber G, Dilbaz N, Kaptanoğlu C, Tekin D. [Hopelessness scale: Validity and reliability]. Kriz Dergisi. 1993;1(3):139-42. [Link]
- Anokye R, Acheampong E, Mprah WK, Ope JO, Barivure TN. Psychosocial effects of infertility among couples attending St. Michael's Hospital, Jachie-Pramso in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. BMC Res Notes. 2017;10(1):690. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Hasanpoor-Azghdy SB, Simbar M, Vedadhir A. The emotional-psychological consequen ces of infertility among infertile women seeking treatment: Results of a qualitative study. Iran J Reprod Med. 2014;12(2):131-8. [PubMed] [PMC]
- Ercan R. [Child images in turkish proverbs functionally used in daily life]. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi. 2014;11(27):15-31. [Link]
- Dereli Yılmaz S, Kızılkaya Beji N, Serdaroğlu H. [Levels of hopelessness and depression in infertile women]. Turkiye Klinikleri J Obstet Womens Health Dis Nurs-Special Topics. 2016;2(3):46-50. [Link]
- Ying LY, Wu LH, Loke AY. Gender differences in experiences with and adjustments to infertility: A literature review. Int J Nurs Stud. 2015;52(10):1640-52. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Rouchou B. Consequences of infertility in developing countries. Perspect Public Health. 2013;133(3):174-9. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Abdishahshahani M, Torabi M, Kazemi A. Investigating related factors to psychological symptoms of infertile couples undergoing assisted reproductive treatment. J Educ Health Promot. 2020;9:21. [PubMed] [PMC]
- Mohammadzadeh F, Hajizadeh E, Rasekhi A, Omani-Samani R. Identification of associated risk factors for the severity of generalized anxiety disorder among Iranian infertile people: An ordinal regression analysis with a flexible link function. J Res Med Sci. 2019;24:64. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- de Boer ML, Bondevik H, Solbraekke KN. Beyond pathology: women's lived experiences of melancholy and mourning in infertility treatment. Med Humanit. 2020;46(3):214-25. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Filetto JN, Makuch MY. Long-term follow-up of women and men after unsuccessful IVF. Reprod Biomed Online. 2005;11(4):458-63. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Vaughan DA, Shah JS, Penzias AS, Domar AD, Toth TL. Infertility remains a top stressor despite the COVID-19 pandemic. Reprod Biomed Online. 2020;41(3):425-7. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Liang H, Acharya G. Novel corona virus disease (COVID-19) in pregnancy: What clinical recommendations to follow? Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2020;99(4):439-42. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- British Fertility Society [Internet] [Cited: 15.09.2020]. Guidance for the care of fertility patients during the coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic. Available from: [Link]
- Frederiksen Y, Farver-Vestergaard I, Skovgård NG, Ingerslev HJ, Zachariae R. Efficacy of psychosocial interventions for psychological and pregnancy outcomes in infertile women and men: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2015;5(1):e006592. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Read SC, Carrier ME, Boucher ME, Whitley R, Bond S, Zelkowitz P. Psychosocial services for couples in infertility treatment: what do couples really want? Patient Educ Couns. 2014; 94(3): z390-5. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Boedt T, Dancet E, Lie Fong S, Peeraer K, De Neubourg D, Pelckmans S, et al. Effectiveness of a mobile preconception lifestyle programme in couples undergoing in vitro fertilisation (IVF): the protocol for the PreLiFe randomised controlled trial (PreLiFe-RCT). BMJ Open. 2019;9(7):e029665. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Adedoyin OB, Soykan E. Covid-19 pandemic and online learning: the challenges and opportunities. Interactive Learning Environments. 2020:1-13. [Crossref]
.: İşlem Listesi