İlaçlar, önemli çevresel kirleticiler arasında yer almaktadırlar. Antidepresan ilaçlar, hem yer altı hem de yer üstü sularında sıklıkla rastlanan kontaminantlardır. Antidepresan ilaçların su canlılarında tespit edilmesinin 2 nedeni vardır. Birincisi dünya genelinde yaygın kullanımları, ikincisi ise su canlılarının farklı dokularında birikmeleridir. Bazı balıklar ve yumuşakçalar gibi endemik su hayvanları, dokularında biyolojik olarak farklı antidepresanları biriktirmektedirler. Bu nedenle hedef olmayan birçok organizmayı etkileme potansiyeline sahiptirler. Antidepresanlar, dopamin, norepinefrin ve serotonin gibi nörotransmitterlerle etkileşime girerek santral sinir sistemini doğrudan etkileyen ilaçlardır. Su canlılarında, bu etkilerinin dışında da etkileri gözlenmektedir. Bu ilaçların dünya çapında artan kullanımına bağlı olarak, kentsel sularda, yer altı sularında, nehirlerlerde ve okyanuslarda yaygın tespit edilmektedirler. Ayrıca şu anda mevcut olan atık su arıtma tesisleri, ilaç kalıntılarını uzaklaştıracak şekilde dizayn edilmemiştir. Sulardaki ilaç kontaminasyonu, önümüzdeki yıllarda artacak gibi görünmektedir. Çünkü mevcut koronavirüs hastalığı-2019 pandemisi, dünya çapında genel depresyon ve anksiyeteyi tetikleyerek, antidepresan kullanımını ve dolayısıyla çevrede tespit edilen konsantrasyonlarını artırmıştır. Çevresel ilaç kontaminasyonu, bilimsel belirsizliklerin eşlik ettiği yaygın bir sorundur. Olası çözümler arasında, ilaçları akılcı kullanmak, çevre dostu ilaçlar reçete etmek, biyolojik olarak daha kolay parçalanan farmasötikler tasarlamak, çevre ve sağlık bilimleri arasındaki koordinasyonu ve iş birliğini geliştirmek sayılabilir. Bu derlemede, bazı antidepresanların yer altı ve yer üstü sulardaki kontaminasyonuna bağlı su canlıları üzerindeki biyoakümülasyonundan ve ekotoksikolojik etkilerinden bahsedilmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Antidepresanlar; çevre kirleticileri; ilaç kontaminasyonu; biyoakümülasyon
Drugs are among the important environmental pollutants. Antidepressant drugs are frequently found contaminants in both ground and surface waters. There are 2 reasons why antidepressant drugs are detected in aquatic organisms. The first is their widespread use throughout the world, and the second is their accumulation in different tissues of aquatic organisms. Endemic aquatic animals, such as some fish and mollusks, accumulate biologically different antidepressants in their tissues. Therefore, they have the potential to affect many non-target organisms. Antidepressants are drugs that directly affect the central nervous system by interacting with neurotransmitters such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin. Apart from these effects, effects are also observed in aquatic organisms. Due to the increasing use of these drugs worldwide, they are widely detected in urban waters, groundwater, rivers and oceans. In addition, currently existing wastewater treatment plants are not designed to remove drug residues. Drug contamination in waters is likely to increase in the coming years. Because the current coronavirus disease-2019 pandemic has triggered general depression and anxiety worldwide, increasing the use of antidepressants and thus their concentrations detected in the environment. Environmental drug contamination is a common problem accompanied by scientific uncertainties. Possible solutions include using drugs rationally, prescribing environmentally friendly drugs, designing more biodegradable pharmaceuticals, and improving coordination and collaboration between environmental and health sciences. In this review, the bioaccumulation and ecotoxicological effects of some antidepressants on aquatic organisms due to the contamination of underground and surface waters are mentioned.
Keywords: Antidepressants; environmental pollutants; drug contamination; bioaccumulation
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