Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of topical 0.4% ketorolac tromethamine usage with contact lenses following laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) surgery, for post-operative pain reduction. Material and Methods: Two hundred and ninety two eyes of 146 patients who underwent LASIK surgery under topical anesthesia were included in the study. Contact lenses soaked in a 0.4% solution of ketorolac tromethamine were applied to 148 eyes of 74 patients who had undergone LASIK surgery for refractive errors (Group 1). Contact lenses with no medication were applied to 144 eyes of 72 patients who had undergone LASIK surgery for refractive errors (Group 2). Pain scores were recorded in both groups every hour from hour 1 to hour 5, postoperatively. Results: There were no significant differences between the two groups with regard to age or sex (p>0.05). No significant difference was found between the two groups in respect of either preoperative or postoperative mean uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), and intraocular pressure values (p>0.05). The mean postoperative UCVA was significantly better than the mean preoperative UCVA in both groups (p<0.05). Pain scores for Group 1 patients at postoperative hours 2, 3, and 4 were significantly lower than for patients in Group 2 (p<0.001, p<0.001 and p=0.023, respectively). Topical ketorolac tromethamine did not negatively affect wound healing, corneal flap, or ocular surface in any patient. Conclusion: Topical ketorolac tromethamine application with contact lenses following LASIK surgery decreases pain and discomfort effectively.
Keywords: Ketorolac tromethamine; contact lens; keratomileusis, laser in situ; pain
Amaç: Topikal %0,4 ketorolak trometaminin, 'laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK)' ameliyatlarında operasyon sonrasında kontakt lens uygulaması ile birlikte kullanılmasının, postoperatif ağrıyı azaltmasındaki etkinliğini değerlendirmek. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Topikal anestezi uygulanarak, LASIK operasyonu geçiren 146 hastanın 292 gözü çalışmaya dâhil edilmiştir. Refraksiyon kusuru için LASIK cerrahisi uygulanan 74 hastanın 148 gözüne, %0,4 ketorolak trometaminde ıslatılan kontakt lensler uygulandı (1. Grup). Refraksiyon kusur için LASIK cerrahisi uygulanan 72 hastanın 144 gözüne ise kontakt lens uygulaması yapılırken herhangi bir damla damlatılmadı (2. Grup). Operasyon sonrası 1. Saatten itibaren başlayarak, 5. saate kadar her saat başı hastaların ağrı skorları kaydedildi. Bulgular: Yaş ve cinsiyet açısından iki grup arasında anlamlı bir farklılık yoktu (p>0,05). Ameliyat öncesi ve ameliyat sonrası ortalama düzeltilmemiş görme keskinliği (DGK), düzeltilmiş görme keskinliği (DÜGK) ve göz içi basıncı açısından anlamlı bir farklılık yoktu (p>0,05). Her iki grupta ameliyat öncesi DGK, ameliyat sonrası DGK'den anlamlı olarak daha yüksekti (p<0,05). Post-operatif 2, 3, 4 ve 5. saatlerdeki ağrı skorları Grup 1'deki hastalarda Grup 2'dekilere göre anlamlı olarak daha düşüktü (p değerleri sırasıyla p<0,001, p<0,001 ve p=0,023). Topikal ketorolak trometamin, hiçbir hastada yara iyileşmesini, korneal flebi ve oküler yüzeyi negatif yönde etkilemedi. Sonuç: Kontakt lens ile birlikte %0,4 ketorolak trometamin uygulanması, LASIK cerrahisi sonrasında ağrıyı ve rahatsızlığı etkin bir şekilde azaltmaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Ketorolak trometamin; kontakt lens; keratomilöz, lazer in situ; ağrı
- Peyman GA. Method for modifying corneal curvature. US Patent 4840175. 1989. [Link]
- Pallikaris IG, Papatzanaki ME, Stathi EZ, Frenschock O, Georgiadis A. Laser in situ keratomileusis. Lasers Surg Med. 1990;10(5):463-8. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Statista. Number of LASIK surgeries in Europe from 2004 to 2020 (in thousands). (Date of access: 20 July 2020) [Link]
- Ting DSJ, Srinivasan S, Danjoux JP. Epithelial ingrowth following laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK): prevalence, risk factors, management and visual outcomes. BMJ Open Ophthalmol. 2018;3(1):e000133. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- International Association for the Study of Pain website. Definition of pain. (Date of access: 20 July 2020) [Link]
- Levitt AE, Galor A, Weiss JS, Felix ER, Martin ER, Patin DJ, et al. Chronic dry eye symptoms after LASIK: parallels and lessons to be learned from other persistent post-operative pain disorders. Mol Pain. 2015;11:21. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Sher NA, Frantz JM, Talley A, Parker P, Lane SS, Ostrov C, et al. Topical diclofenac in the treatment of ocular pain after excimer photorefractive keratectomy. Refract Corneal Surg. 1993;9(6):425-36. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Cho H, Wolf KJ, Wolf EJ. Management of ocular inflammation and pain following cataract surgery: focus on bromfenac ophthalmic solution. Clin Ophthalmol. 2009;3:199-210. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Rowen S. Preoperative and postoperative medications used for cataract surgery. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 1999;10(1):29-35. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Eiferman RA, Hoffman RS, Sher NA. Topical diclofenac reduces pain following photorefractive keratectomy. Arch Ophthalmol. 1993;111(8):1022. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Goyal R, Shankar J, Fone DL, Hughes DS. Randomised controlled trial of ketorolac in the management of corneal abrasions. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 2001;79(2):177-9. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Price MO, Price FW. Efficacy of topical ketorolac tromethamine 0.4% for control of pain or discomfort associated with cataract surgery. Curr Med Res Opin. 2004;20(12):2015-9. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Müller LJ, Marfurt CF, Kruse F, Tervo TM. Corneal nerves: structure, contents and function. Exp Eye Res. 2003;76(5):521-42. Erratum in: Exp Eye Res. 2003;77(2):253. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Dougherty PJ. Acular LS before and during LASIK for the control of pain: a randomized, masked contralateral eye trial. J Refract Surg. 2009;25(2):210-3. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Wang XJ, Wong SH, Givergis R, Chynn EW. Evaluation of analgesic efficacy of bromfenac sodium ophthalmic solution 0.09% versus ketorolac tromethamine ophthalmic solution 0.5% following LASEK or Epi-LASIK. Clin Ophthalmol. 2011;5:1451-7. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Duong HV, Westfield KC, Chalkley TH. Ketorolac tromethamine LS 0.4% versus nepafenac 0.1% in patients having cataract surgery. Prospective randomized double-masked clinical trial. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2007;33(11):1925-9. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Sher NA, Golben MR, Bond W, Trattler WB, Tauber S, Voirin TG. Topical bromfenac 0.09% vs. ketorolac 0.4% for the control of pain, photophobia, and discomfort following PRK. J Refract Surg. 2009;25(2):214-20. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Shetty R, Dalal R, Nair AP, Khamar P, D'Souza S, Vaishnav R. Pain management after photorefractive keratectomy. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2019;45(7):972-6. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Sharir M. Exacerbation of asthma by topical diclofenac. Arch Ophthalmol. 1997;115(2): 294-5. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Polachek J, Shvartzman P. Acute bronchial asthma associated with the administration of ophthalmic indomethacin. Isr J Med Sci. 1996;32(11):1107-9. [PubMed]
- Sheehan GJ, Kutzner MR, Chin WD. Acute asthma attack due to ophthalmic indomethacin. Ann Intern Med. 1989;111(4):337-8. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Flach AJ. Topical nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in ophthalmology. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 2002;42(1):1-11. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Flach AJ. Cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors in ophthalmology. Surv Ophthalmol. 1992;36(4):259-84. [Crossref] [PubMed]
.: İşlem Listesi