Bulaşıcı olmayan kronik hastalıklar, 21. yüzyılın en önemli sağlık sorunlarındadır. Yaşlanan nüfusla birlikte artan diyabet ve Alzheimer hastalığı prevalansı bu 2 hastalığın bağlantılı olup olmadığını akıllara getirmektedir. Aslında farklı hastalıklarmış gibi değerlendirilen bu 2 hastalık ortak patolojilere sahiptir. Oksidatif stres, mitokondriyal disfonksiyon, periferik ve santral inflamasyon Alzheimer hastalığının etkenlerindendir. İnsülin direncinin demans ve Alzheimer hastalığının patolojisinde rol oynadığı kanıtlanmıştır. Diyabet hastalığında gözlenen insülin eksikliği veya insülin inaktivitesi, bozulmuş glukoz metabolizması ve bunlara bağlı olarak oluşan oksidatif stres hücre hasarına neden olmaktadır. Kanda yüksek seviyelerde bulunan glukozun hücre glikozilasyonuna neden olmasıyla beyinde meydana gelen hücre hasarları ve glikozilasyonu, amiloid plaklarının oluşması, tau proteininin hatalı fosforilasyonu sonucu oluşan nörofibrillerin birikmesi ile Alzheimer hastalığı olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Beyinde birikmiş beta amiloid plakları ve hiperfosforilasyonlu tau proteinleri, nöron içinde ve nöronlar arasındaki iletilerin engellenmesine neden olmaktadır. İnsülin eksikliği ya da insülin inaktivitesine bağlı olarak beyinde enerji eksikliği de meydana gelmektedir. Bundan dolayı Alzheimer hastalığı için kullanılan 'Tip 3 diyabet' terimi ortaya çıkmıştır. 'Alzheimer hastalığı Tip 3 diyabet midir?' sorusu henüz netlik kazanmamış olmakla birlikte, yapılan birçok çalışma bunu desteklemektedir. Bu 2 hastalığın bağlantılı olması, diyabet ve Alzheimer hastalığında beyinde gözlenen insülin ve glukoz metabolizmasındaki bozukluklar ile ilişkilendirilir. Bu derlemede, Alzheimer hastalığı ve diyabet arasındaki ilişkinin kanıtlar doğrultusunda gözden geçirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Alzheimer hastalığı; diabetes mellitus, noninsüline bağımlı, 2; diyabetik nöropatile
Noncommunicable chronic diseases are among the most important health problems of the 21st century. Increasing diabetes and Alzheimer's disease prevalence with the aging population suggests whether these 2 diseases are related. In fact, these 2 diseases, which are considered as different diseases, have common pathologies. Oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, peripheral and central inflammation are the causes of Alzheimer's disease. It has been proven that insulin resistance plays a role in the pathology of dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Insulin deficiency or insulin inactivity observed in diabetes causes impaired glucose metabolism and related oxidative stress cell damage. Alzheimer's disease occurs as a result of cell damage and glycolysis, the formation of amyloid plaques, and the accumulation of neurofibrils caused by improper phosphorylation of the tau protein due to the high levels of glucose in the blood causing cell glycolysis. Beta amyloid plaques and hyperphosphorylated tau proteins accumulated in the brain cause inhibition of transmissions within and between neurons. There is also a lack of energy in the brain due to insulin deficiency or insulin inactivity. That is why it came up with the term 'Type 3 diabetes' used for Azheimer's disease. 'Is Alzheimer's disease Type 3 diabetes?' although the question has not been clarified yet, many studies support this. The association of these 2 diseases is associated with disorders in insulin and glucose metablysis observed in the brain in diabetes and Alzheimer's disease. In this review, it is aimed to review the relationship between Alzheimer's disease and diabetes in line with the evidence.
Keywords: Alzheimer disease; diabetes mellitus, noninsulin-dependent, 2; diabetic neuropathies
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