Akut pankreatit (AP) artan yaşam süresi, obezite, alkol kullanımı, hiperlipidemi, ilaç kullanımı ve tanısal yöntemlerin kullanımının artmasına bağlı insidansı artış gösteren önemli bir gastrointestinal klinik hadisedir. Son yıllarda artan insidansa rağmen erken tanı yöntemleri ve hastalığın patofizyolojisinin anlaşılması ile hastanede yatış süresi, maliyet ve mortalite oranlarında azalmalar görülmektedir. Bunun yanı sıra, mortalite oranlarının altta yatan etiyolojiden (safra taşı, alkol, hipertrigliseridemi, vs.) bağımsız olduğu, hastalık şiddeti ve 48 saatten uzun süren organ yetmezliği tablosu ile yakın ilişkili olduğu görülmektedir. AP hastalarının ilk sıra tedavi basamakları; sıvı replasmanı, ağrı kontrolü ve beslenme desteğidir. Hastanın, agresif sıvı replasmanına engel olacak kardiyovasküler, renal veya diğer ciddi başka komorbid bir hastalığı yoksa tüm hastalara saatte 5-10 mL/kg'dan izotonik kristaloid çözelti (normal salin veya ringer laktat çözeltisi) ile hidrasyon sağlanması önemlidir. Hastaların, saatlik idrar çıkışı >0,5-1 cc/ kg/ saat olacak şekilde takip edilmeli ve sıvı replasmanı buna göre ayarlanmalıdır. AP'li hastalarda, ağrının kontrol altına alınması, hemodinamik instabilite açısından da önem arz etmektedir. AP tanılı hastalarda, enteral beslenmeye mümkün olduğunca erken başlanması, bağırsak bariyeri üzerinde koruyucu etkisi ve bakteriyel translokasyonun önlemesi nedeniyle önemlidir. Bu makalede, AP tanısı alan hastaların tedavi yöntemleri güncel literatür eşliğinde özetlenmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Akut pankreatit; sıvı replasmanı; ağrı kontrolü; beslenme
Acute pancreatitis is an important gastrointestinal condition with an increasing incidence due to improved life expectancy and more widespread availability of diagnostic methods as well as due to increased prevalence of obesity, alcohol use, hyperlipidemia, and drug use in communities. Despite this, a decline in hospitalization time, disease-related costs and mortality has been noted in recent years owing to earlier diagnosis and better understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease. Furthermore, it has been established that the mortality rates are independent of the underlying etiology (gallstone, alcohol, hypertriglyceridemia, etc.), and are closely related to disease severity and organ failure lasting more than 48 hours. The initial management of acute pancreatitis should include fluid replacement, pain control, and nutritional support. In the absence of cardiovascular, renal or other serious comorbid conditions precluding aggressive fluid replacement, it is important to hydrate all patients with isotonic crystalloid solution (normal saline or ringer lactate solution) at a dose of 5-10 mL/kg per hour. Patients' hourly urine output should be monitored as to maintain it >0.5-1 cc/kg/hour and fluid replacement should be adjusted accordingly. Pain control in patients with acute pancreatitis is also critical in terms of hemodynamic instability. It is important to start enteral feeding as early as possible in these patients, to protect the intestinal barrier and to prevent bacterial translocation. In this article, the management strategies in patients diagnosed with acute pancreatitis are summarized in the light of current literature.
Keywords: Acute pancreatitis; fluid replacement; pain control; nutrition
- Singh VK, Bollen TL, Wu BU, Repas K, Maurer R, Yu S, et al. An assessment of the severity of interstitial pancreatitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;9(12):1098-103.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- van Brunschot S, van Grinsven J, van Santvoort HC, Bakker OJ, Besselink MG, Boermeester MA, et al. Endoscopic or surgical step-up approach for infected necrotising pancreatitis: a multicentre randomised trial. Lancet. 2018;391(10115):51-8.[PubMed]
- Roberts SE, Morrison-Rees S, John A, Williams JG, Brown TH, Samuel DG, et al. The incidence and aetiology of acute pancreatitis across Europe. Pancreatology. 2017;17(2):155-65.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Tenner S, Baillie J, DeWitt J, Vege SS; American College of Gastroenterology. American College of Gastroenterology guideline: management of acute pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2013;108(9):1400-15;1416. Erratum in: Am J Gastroenterol. 2014;109(2):302.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Lankisch PG, Lowenfels AB, Maisonneuve P. What is the risk of alcoholic pancreatitis in heavy drinkers? Pancreas. 2002;25(4):411-2.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Steinberg W, Tenner S. Acute pancreatitis. N Engl J Med. 1994;330(17):1198-210.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- James TW, Crockett SD. Management of acute pancreatitis in the first 72 hours. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2018;34(5):330-5.[Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Yadav D, Pitchumoni CS. Issues in hyperlipidemic pancreatitis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2003;36(1):54-62.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Fagenholz PJ, Castillo CF, Harris NS, Pelletier AJ, Camargo CA Jr. Increasing United States hospital admissions for acute pancreatitis, 1988-2003. Ann Epidemiol. 2007;17(7):491-7.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Krishna SG, Kamboj AK, Hart PA, Hinton A, Conwell DL. The Changing Epidemiology of Acute Pancreatitis Hospitalizations: A Decade of Trends and the Impact of Chronic Pancreatitis. Pancreas. 2017;46(4):482-8.[Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Gliem N, Ammer-Herrmenau C, Ellenrieder V, Neesse A. Management of Severe Acute Pancreatitis: An Update. Digestion. 2020:1-5.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Zorniak M, Beyer G, Mayerle J. Risk Stratification and Early Conservative Treatment of Acute Pancreatitis. Visc Med. 2019;35(2):82-9.[Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Papachristou GI, Muddana V, Yadav D, O'Connell M, Sanders MK, Slivka A, et al. Comparison of BISAP, Ranson's, APACHE-II, and CTSI scores in predicting organ failure, complications, and mortality in acute pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010;105(2):435-41; quiz 442.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Wu BU, Johannes RS, Sun X, Conwell DL, Banks PA. Early changes in blood urea nitrogen predict mortality in acute pancreatitis. Gastroenterology. 2009;137(1):129-35.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Guidelines for intensive care unit admission, discharge, and triage. Task Force of the American College of Critical Care Medicine, Society of Critical Care Medicine. Crit Care Med. 1999;27(3):633-8.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Working Group IAP/APA Acute Pancreatitis Guidelines. IAP/APA evidence-based guidelines for the management of acute pancreatitis. Pancreatology. 2013;13(4 Suppl 2):e1-15.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Banks PA, Bollen TL, Dervenis C, Gooszen HG, Johnson CD, Sarr MG, et al; Acute Pancreatitis Classification Working Group. Classification of acute pancreatitis--2012: revision of the Atlanta classification and definitions by international consensus. Gut. 2013;62(1):102-11.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Andersen AM, Novovic S, Ersbøll AK, Hansen MB. Mortality in alcohol and biliary acute pancreatitis. Pancreas. 2008;36(4):432-4.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Goyal H, Smith B, Bayer C, Rutherford C, Shelnut D. Differences in Severity and Outcomes Between Hypertriglyceridemia and Alcohol-Induced Pancreatitis. N Am J Med Sci. 2016;8(2):82-7.[Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Gardner TB, Vege SS, Pearson RK, Chari ST. Fluid resuscitation in acute pancreatitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;6(10):1070-6.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Huh JH, Jeon H, Park SM, Choi E, Lee GS, Kim JW, et al. Diabetes Mellitus is Associated With Mortality in Acute Pancreatitis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2018;52(2):178-83.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Wu BU, Johannes RS, Kurtz S, Banks PA. The impact of hospital-acquired infection on outcome in acute pancreatitis. Gastroenterology. 2008;135(3):816-20.[Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Funnell IC, Bornman PC, Weakley SP, Terblanche J, Marks IN. Obesity: an important prognostic factor in acute pancreatitis. Br J Surg. 1993;80(4):484-6.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Heller SJ, Noordhoek E, Tenner SM, Ramagopal V, Abramowitz M, Hughes M, et al. Pleural effusion as a predictor of severity in acute pancreatitis. Pancreas. 1997;15(3):222-5.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Lankisch PG, Mahlke R, Blum T, Bruns A, Bruns D, Maisonneuve P, et al. Hemoconcentration: an early marker of severe and/or necrotizing pancreatitis? A critical appraisal. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001;96(7):2081-5.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Mofidi R, Duff MD, Wigmore SJ, Madhavan KK, Garden OJ, Parks RW, et al. Association between early systemic inflammatory response, severity of multiorgan dysfunction and death in acute pancreatitis. Br J Surg. 2006;93(6):738-44.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Faghih M, Fan C, Singh VK. New Advances in the Treatment of Acute Pancreatitis. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol. 2019;17(1):146-60.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Haydock MD, Mittal A, Wilms HR, Phillips A, Petrov MS, Windsor JA, et al. Fluid therapy in acute pancreatitis: anybody's guess. Ann Surg. 2013;257(2):182-8.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Wu BU, Hwang JQ, Gardner TH, Repas K, Delee R, Yu S, et al. Lactated Ringer's solution reduces systemic inflammation compared with saline in patients with acute pancreatitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;9(8):710-17.e1.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Vege SS, DiMagno MJ, Forsmark CE, Martel M, Barkun AN. Initial Medical Treatment of Acute Pancreatitis: American Gastroenterological Association Institute Technical Review. Gastroenterology. 2018;154(4):1103-39.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Du XJ, Hu WM, Xia Q, Huang ZW, Chen GY, Jin XD, et al. Hydroxyethyl starch resuscitation reduces the risk of intra-abdominal hypertension in severe acute pancreatitis. Pancreas. 2011;40(8):1220-5.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Zhao G, Zhang JG, Wu HS, Tao J, Qin Q, Deng SC, et al. Effects of different resuscitation fluid on severe acute pancreatitis. World J Gastroenterol. 2013;19(13):2044-52.[Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Crockett SD, Wani S, Gardner TB, Falck-Ytter Y, Barkun AN; American Gastroenterological Association Institute Clinical Guidelines Committee. American Gastroenterological Association Institute Guideline on Initial Management of Acute Pancreatitis. Gastroenterology. 2018;154(4):1096-1101.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Wu BU, Conwell DL. Acute pancreatitis part I: approach to early management. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;8(5):410-6, quiz e56-8.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Brown A, Baillargeon JD, Hughes MD, Banks PA. Can fluid resuscitation prevent pancreatic necrosis in severe acute pancreatitis? Pancreatology. 2002;2(2):104-7.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Whitcomb DC, Muddana V, Langmead CJ, Houghton FD Jr, Guenther A, Eagon PK, et al. Angiopoietin-2, a regulator of vascular permeability in inflammation, is associated with persistent organ failure in patients with acute pancreatitis from the United States and Germany. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010;105(10):2287-92.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Basurto Ona X, Rigau Comas D, Urrutia G. Opioids for acute pancreatitis pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(7):CD009179.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Gülen B, Dur A, Serinken M, Karcıoğlu Ö, Sönmez E. Pain treatment in patients with acute pancreatitis: A randomized controlled trial. Turk J Gastroenterol. 2016;27(2):192-6.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Meng W, Yuan J, Zhang C, Bai Z, Zhou W, Yan J, et al. Parenteral analgesics for pain relief in acute pancreatitis: a systematic review. Pancreatology. 2013;13(3):201-6.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Sadowski SM, Andres A, Morel P, Schiffer E, Frossard JL, Platon A, et al. Epidural anesthesia improves pancreatic perfusion and decreases the severity of acute pancreatitis. World J Gastroenterol. 2015;21(43):12448-56.[Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Helm JF, Venu RP, Geenen JE, Hogan WJ, Dodds WJ, Toouli J, et al. Effects of morphine on the human sphincter of Oddi. Gut. 1988;29(10):1402-7.[Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Lakananurak N, Gramlich L. Nutrition management in acute pancreatitis: Clinical practice consideration. World J Clin Cases. 2020;8(9):1561-73.[Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Eckerwall GE, Tingstedt BB, Bergenzaun PE, Andersson RG. Immediate oral feeding in patients with mild acute pancreatitis is safe and may accelerate recovery--a randomized clinical study. Clin Nutr. 2007;26(6):758-63.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Moraes JM, Felga GE, Chebli LA, Franco MB, Gomes CA, Gaburri PD, et al. A full solid diet as the initial meal in mild acute pancreatitis is safe and result in a shorter length of hospitalization: results from a prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind clinical trial. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2010;44(7):517-22.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Uomo G, Manes G, Laccetti M, Cavallera A, Rabitti PG. Endoscopic sphincterotomy and recurrence of acute pancreatitis in gallstone patients considered unfit for surgery. Pancreas. 1997;14(1):28-31.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Welbourn CR, Beckly DE, Eyre-Brook IA. Endoscopic sphincterotomy without cholecystectomy for gall stone pancreatitis. Gut. 1995;37(1):119-20.[Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Kochar B, Akshintala VS, Afghani E, Elmunzer BJ, Kim KJ, Lennon AM, et al. Incidence, severity, and mortality of post-ERCP pancreatitis: a systematic review by using randomized, controlled trials. Gastrointest Endosc. 2015;81(1):143-9.e9.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Kubiliun NM, Adams MA, Akshintala VS, Conte ML, Cote GA, Cotton PB, et al; United States Cooperative for Outcomes Research in Endoscopy (USCORE). Evaluation of Pharmacologic Prevention of Pancreatitis After Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography: A Systematic Review. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;13(7):1231-9; quiz e70-1.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Vadalà di Prampero SF, Faleschini G, Panic N, Bulajic M. Endoscopic and pharmacological treatment for prophylaxis against postendoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;28(12):1415-24.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Cheon YK, Cho KB, Watkins JL, McHenry L, Fogel EL, Sherman S, et al. Efficacy of diclofenac in the prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis in predominantly high-risk patients: a randomized double-blind prospective trial. Gastrointest Endosc. 2007;66(6):1126-32.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Ishiwatari H, Urata T, Yasuda I, Matsusaki S, Hisai H, Kawakami H, et al. No Benefit of Oral Diclofenac on Post-Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography Pancreatitis. Dig Dis Sci. 2016;61(11):3292-3301.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Kato K, Shiba M, Kakiya Y, Maruyama H, Ominami M, Fukunaga S, et al. Celecoxib Oral Administration for Prevention of Post-Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography Pancreatitis: A Randomized Prospective Trial. Pancreas. 2017;46(7):880-6.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Sagi SV, Schmidt S, Fogel E, Lehman GA, McHenry L, Sherman S, et al. Association of greater intravenous volume infusion with shorter hospitalization for patients with post-ERCP pancreatitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;29(6):1316-20.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Choi JH, Kim HJ, Lee BU, Kim TH, Song IH. Vigorous Periprocedural Hydration With Lactated Ringer's Solution Reduces the Risk of Pancreatitis After Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography in Hospitalized Patients. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;15(1):86-92.e1.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Park CH, Paik WH, Park ET, Shim CS, Lee TY, Kang C, et al. Aggressive intravenous hydration with lactated Ringer's solution for prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis: a prospective randomized multicenter clinical trial. Endoscopy. 2018;50(4):378-85.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Wu D, Wan J, Xia L, Chen J, Zhu Y, Lu N, et al. The Efficiency of Aggressive Hydration With Lactated Ringer Solution for the Prevention of Post-ERCP Pancreatitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2017;51(8):e68-e76.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Zhang ZF, Duan ZJ, Wang LX, Zhao G, Deng WG. Aggressive Hydration With Lactated Ringer Solution in Prevention of Postendoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography Pancreatitis: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2017;51(3):e17-e26.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Mok SRS, Ho HC, Shah P, Patel M, Gaughan JP, Elfant AB, et al. Lactated Ringer's solution in combination with rectal indomethacin for prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis and readmission: a prospective randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Gastrointest Endosc. 2017;85(5):1005-13.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Cao WL, Yan WS, Xiang XH, Chen K, Xia SH. Prevention effect of allopurinol on post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis: a meta-analysis of prospective randomized controlled trials. PLoS One. 2014;9(9):e107350.[Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Kwanngern K, Tiyapattanaputi P, Wanitpukdeedecha M, Navicharern P. Can a single dose corticosteroid reduce the incidence of post-ERCP pancreatitis? A randomized, prospective control study. J Med Assoc Thai. 2005;88 Suppl 4:S42-5.[PubMed]
- Li S, Cao G, Chen X, Wu T. Low-dose heparin in the prevention of post endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012;24(5):477-81.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Manolakopoulos S, Avgerinos A, Vlachogiannakos J, Armonis A, Viazis N, Papadimitriou N, et al. Octreotide versus hydrocortisone versus placebo in the prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Gastrointest Endosc. 2002;55(4):470-5.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Shao LM, Chen QY, Chen MY, Cai JT. Nitroglycerin in the prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis: a meta-analysis. Dig Dis Sci. 2010;55(1):1-7.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Sherman S, Blaut U, Watkins JL, Barnett J, Freeman M, Geenen J, et al. Does prophylactic administration of corticosteroid reduce the risk and severity of post-ERCP pancreatitis: a randomized, prospective, multicenter study. Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;58(1):23-9.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Lenhart DK, Balthazar EJ. MDCT of acute mild (nonnecrotizing) pancreatitis: abdominal complications and fate of fluid collections. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008;190(3):643-9.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Dhaka N, Samanta J, Kochhar S, Kalra N, Appasani S, Manrai M, et al. Pancreatic fluid collections: What is the ideal imaging technique? World J Gastroenterol. 2015;21(48):13403-10.[Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Morgan DE, Baron TH, Smith JK, Robbin ML, Kenney PJ. Pancreatic fluid collections prior to intervention: evaluation with MR imaging compared with CT and US. Radiology. 1997;203(3):773-8.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- ASGE Standards of Practice Committee, Muthusamy VR, Chandrasekhara V, Acosta RD, Bruining DH, Chathadi KV, et al. The role of endoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of inflammatory pancreatic fluid collections. Gastrointest Endosc. 2016;83(3):481-8.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Antillon MR, Shah RJ, Stiegmann G, Chen YK. Single-step EUS-guided transmural drainage of simple and complicated pancreatic pseudocysts. Gastrointest Endosc. 2006;63(6):797-803.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Hookey LC, Debroux S, Delhaye M, Arvanitakis M, Le Moine O, Devière J, et al. Endoscopic drainage of pancreatic-fluid collections in 116 patients: a comparison of etiologies, drainage techniques, and outcomes. Gastrointest Endosc. 2006;63(4):635-43.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Kahaleh M, Shami VM, Conaway MR, Tokar J, Rockoff T, De La Rue SA, et al. Endoscopic ultrasound drainage of pancreatic pseudocyst: a prospective comparison with conventional endoscopic drainage. Endoscopy. 2006;38(4):355-9.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Krüger M, Schneider AS, Manns MP, Meier PN. Endoscopic management of pancreatic pseudocysts or abscesses after an EUS-guided 1-step procedure for initial access. Gastrointest Endosc. 2006;63(3):409-16.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Balthazar EJ. Acute pancreatitis: assessment of severity with clinical and CT evaluation. Radiology. 2002;223(3):603-13.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Baril NB, Ralls PW, Wren SM, Selby RR, Radin R, Parekh D, et al. Does an infected peripancreatic fluid collection or abscess mandate operation? Ann Surg. 2000;231(3):361-7.[Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Ocampo C, Oría A, Zandalazini H, Silva W, Kohan G, Chiapetta L, et al. Treatment of acute pancreatic pseudocysts after severe acute pancreatitis. J Gastrointest Surg. 2007;11(3):357-63.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Freeny PC, Hauptmann E, Althaus SJ, Traverso LW, Sinanan M. Percutaneous CT-guided catheter drainage of infected acute necrotizing pancreatitis: techniques and results. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1998;170(4):969-75.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Mortelé KJ, Girshman J, Szejnfeld D, Ashley SW, Erturk SM, Banks PA, et al. CT-guided percutaneous catheter drainage of acute necrotizing pancreatitis: clinical experience and observations in patients with sterile and infected necrosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2009;192(1):110-6.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Traverso LW, Kozarek RA. Pancreatic necrosectomy: definitions and technique. J Gastrointest Surg. 2005;9(3):436-9.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Yasuda I, Takahashi K. Endoscopic management of walled-off pancreatic necrosis. Dig Endosc. 2020.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Chandrasekaran P, Gupta R, Shenvi S, Kang M, Rana SS, Singh R, et al. Prospective comparison of long term outcomes in patients with severe acute pancreatitis managed by operative and non operative measures. Pancreatology. 2015;15(5):478-84.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Chandran S, Efthymiou M, Kaffes A, Chen JW, Kwan V, Murray M, et al. Management of pancreatic collections with a novel endoscopically placed fully covered self-expandable metal stent: a national experience (with videos). Gastrointest Endosc. 2015;81(1):127-35.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Dhir V, Teoh AY, Bapat M, Bhandari S, Joshi N, Maydeo A, et al. EUS-guided pseudocyst drainage: prospective evaluation of early removal of fully covered self-expandable metal stents with pancreatic ductal stenting in selected patients. Gastrointest Endosc. 2015;82(4):650-7; quiz 718.e1-5.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Rinninella E, Kunda R, Dollhopf M, Sanchez-Yague A, Will U, Tarantino I, et al. EUS-guided drainage of pancreatic fluid collections using a novel lumen-apposing metal stent on an electrocautery-enhanced delivery system: a large retrospective study (with video). Gastrointest Endosc. 2015;82(6):1039-46.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Shah RJ, Shah JN, Waxman I, Kowalski TE, Sanchez-Yague A, Nieto J, et al. Safety and efficacy of endoscopic ultrasound-guided drainage of pancreatic fluid collections with lumen-apposing covered self-expanding metal stents. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;13(4):747-52.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Sharaiha RZ, Tyberg A, Khashab MA, Kumta NA, Karia K, Nieto J, et al. Endoscopic Therapy With Lumen-apposing Metal Stents Is Safe and Effective for Patients With Pancreatic Walled-off Necrosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;14(12):1797-1803.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Siddiqui AA, Adler DG, Nieto J, Shah JN, Binmoeller KF, Kane S, et al. EUS-guided drainage of peripancreatic fluid collections and necrosis by using a novel lumen-apposing stent: a large retrospective, multicenter U.S. experience (with videos). Gastrointest Endosc. 2016;83(4):699-707.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Nabi Z, Basha J, Reddy DN. Endoscopic management of pancreatic fluid collections-revisited. World J Gastroenterol. 2017;23(15):2660-72.[Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Bang JY, Navaneethan U, Hasan MK, Sutton B, Hawes R, Varadarajulu S, et al. Non-superiority of lumen-apposing metal stents over plastic stents for drainage of walled-off necrosis in a randomised trial. Gut. 2019;68(7):1200-9.[Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Haas B, Nathens AB. Surgical indications in acute pancreatitis. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2010;16(2):153-8.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Leppäniemi A, Tolonen M, Tarasconi A, Segovia-Lohse H, Gamberini E, Kirkpatrick AW, et al. 2019 WSES guidelines for the management of severe acute pancreatitis. World J Emerg Surg. 2019;14:27.[Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Banks PA, Freeman ML; Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology. Practice guidelines in acute pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;101(10):2379-400.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Beger HG, Bittner R, Block S, Büchler M. Bacterial contamination of pancreatic necrosis. A prospective clinical study. Gastroenterology. 1986;91(2):433-8.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Bradley EL 3rd, Allen K. A prospective longitudinal study of observation versus surgical intervention in the management of necrotizing pancreatitis. Am J Surg. 1991;161(1):19-24; discussion 24-5.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Haney CM, Kowalewski KF, Schmidt MW, Koschny R, Felinska EA, Kalkum E, et al. Endoscopic versus surgical treatment for infected necrotizing pancreatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Surg Endosc. 2020;34(6):2429-2444.[Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Kylanpaa L, Rakonczay Z Jr, O'Reilly DA. The clinical course of acute pancreatitis and the inflammatory mediators that drive it. Int J Inflam. 2012;2012:360685.[Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Makhija R, Kingsnorth AN. Cytokine storm in acute pancreatitis. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg. 2002;9(4):401-10.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Baron TH, Morgan DE. Endoscopic transgastric irrigation tube placement via PEG for debridement of organized pancreatic necrosis. Gastrointest Endosc. 1999;50(4):574-7.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Clancy TE, Ashley SW. Current management of necrotizing pancreatitis. Adv Surg. 2002;36:103-21.[PubMed]
- Nadkarni NA, Khanna S, Vege SS. Splanchnic venous thrombosis and pancreatitis. Pancreas. 2013;42(6):924-31.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Heider TR, Azeem S, Galanko JA, Behrns KE. The natural history of pancreatitis-induced splenic vein thrombosis. Ann Surg. 2004;239(6):876-80; discussion 880-2.[Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Radenkovic DV, Bajec D, Ivancevic N, Bumbasirevic V, Milic N, Jeremic V, et al. Decompressive laparotomy with temporary abdominal closure versus percutaneous puncture with placement of abdominal catheter in patients with abdominal compartment syndrome during acute pancreatitis: background and design of multicenter, randomised, controlled study. BMC Surg. 2010;10:22.[Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- De Waele JJ, De Laet I, Kirkpatrick AW, Hoste E. Intra-abdominal Hypertension and Abdominal Compartment Syndrome. Am J Kidney Dis. 2011;57(1):159-69.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- Das SL, Singh PP, Phillips AR, Murphy R, Windsor JA, Petrov MS, et al. Newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus after acute pancreatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gut. 2014;63(5):818-31.[Crossref] [PubMed]
.: İşlem Listesi