Kritik hastalarda akut böbrek hasarı sık görülen bir komplikasyondur. Akut böbrek hasarı yoğun bakım ünitesinde mortalite ve morbidite riskini artırırken tedavi yönetimini de zorlaştırmaktadır. Mortaliteyi azaltmada ilk 48 saatte yeterli antimikrobiyal tedavinin önemi birçok çalışma tarafından vurgulanmış ve etkili tedavi ile akut böbrek hasarının erken dönemde geri döndürülebilir olduğu gösterilmiştir. Kritik hastaların antimikrobiyal tedavi yönetiminde erken ve uygun tedavi kadar kanda ve enfeksiyon bölgesinde terapötik konsantrasyonlara ulaşmak için antibiyotik dozaj rejimlerini optimize etmek de çok önemlidir. Güncel kanıtlar, akut böbrek hasarı olan kritik hastalarda 48 saatlik akut dönemin önemi göz önüne alındığında geniş güvenlik aralığına sahip beta-laktam grubu antibiyotiklerin yeterli terapötik konsantrasyonlara ulaşmasını sağlamak amacıyla böbrek fonksiyonlarına göre doz ayarının 48 saat ertelenmesini önermektedir. Doz ayarı ilaç birikimi ve toksisitenin önlenmesi için hastaların böbrek fonksiyonlarının daha doğru değerlendirilebildiği akut süreçten sonra yapılmalıdır. Kritik hastalarda değişen farmakokinetik özellikler nedeniyle yükleme dozlarının konsantrasyona bağlı etkinlik gösteren antibiyotiklerle sınırlı kalmadan ve böbrek fonksiyonlarından bağımsız olarak uygulanması da mevcut hasta grubunda klinik sonuçları etkileyen önemli müdahalelerdir. Bu derlemede akut böbrek hasarı olan kritik hastaların tedavisinde yeterli antimikrobiyal dozlama dair mevcut verilerin incelenmesi ve böbrek doz ayarı zamanlamasının kritik hastalar açısından öneminin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Kritik hastalık; akut böbrek hasarı; antibakteriyel ajanlar
Acute kidney injury is a common complication in critically ill patients. Acute kidney injury increases the risk of mortality and morbidity in the intensive care unit and makes treatment management difficult. The importance of adequate antimicrobial treatment in the first 48 hours in reducing mortality has been emphasised by many studies and shown that acute kidney injury is reversible in the early period with effective treatment. Optimising antibiotic dosing regimens to achieve therapeutic concentrations in the blood and at the site of infection is equally important as early and appropriate treatment in the antimicrobial therapy management of critically ill patients. Given the importance of the 48-hour acute period in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury, current evidence suggests delaying renal dose adjustment for 48 hours to ensure that beta-lactam group antibiotics with a wide safety range reach adequate therapeutic concentrations. Dose adjustment should be performed after the acute phase when patients' renal function can be more accurately assessed to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity. Due to the altered pharmacokinetic properties in critically ill patients, administration of loading doses independent of renal function and not limited to antibiotics with concentration-dependent activity are also important interventions that affect clinical outcomes in the current patient group. In this review, we aimed to examine the available data on adequate antimicrobial dosing in the treatment of critically ill patients with acute kidney injury and to evaluate the importance of the timing of renal dose adjustment for critically ill patients.
Keywords: Critical illness; acute kidney injury; anti-bacterial agents
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