Dünya nüfusunun gittikçe yaşlanmasına bağlı olarak demans ve Alzheimer hastalığı gibi kognitif fonksiyonların azalmasıyla ilişkili hastalıkların sıklığı yükselmekte ve bu hastalıklara sahip kişilerin bakımı, ekonomik ve sosyal yükü artırmaktadır. Günümüzde bu hastalıkların oluşmasını geciktirmek veya prognozunu yavaşlatmak için preklinik aşamalarda alınacak tedbirler önem kazanmaktadır. Bu hastalıkların etiyolojisi tam olarak bilinmemekle beraber kabul gören, kesinleşmiş risk faktörleri; yaş, kadın cinsiyet ve aile öyküsüdür. Kognitif fonksiyonlarda azalma çeşitli vasküler risk faktörleriyle ilişkilidir, buradan yola çıkılarak beslenmenin rolünü araştırmaya yönelik birçok çalışma yapılmıştır. Özellikle hastalığın önlenmesinde ya da başlamasının ertelenmesinde diyet önemli bir faktördür. Bu çalışmada, Akdeniz diyetine uyumun kognitif fonksiyonlardaki gerilemeyi geciktirmeye ya da önlemeye yönelik etkilerinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Akdeniz diyetinin kognitif fonksiyonlardaki azalmaya bağlı hastalıklarda ve bunlardan kaynaklanan ölümlerde azalma sağladığı görülmüştür. Akdeniz diyeti özel bir diyet modeli olmayıp, Akdeniz'e kıyısı olan ülkelerin geleneksel beslenme biçimidir. Bu beslenme biçimi yüksek meyve-sebze, tahıl ve kurubaklagil ile düşük doymuş yağ, kırmızı et ve et ürünleri, orta düzeyde balık ve alkol (özellikle şarap), düşük-orta düzeyde süt ürünleri tüketimi ile karakterize, çoklu besin ögesi alımı sağlayan en sağlıklı beslenme modellerindendir. Akdeniz diyeti bileşenlerinin sağlığı koruyucu etkisine dair tutarlı kanıtlar mevcuttur ve bu durum besin ögelerinin interaktif ve sinerjik kombinasyonlarından kaynaklanmaktadır. Bu açıdan sağlık üzerine etkisinin değerlendirilmesi için tek bir besin ögesinin etkisi yerine, besinlerin bir arada tüketildiğindeki etkileri değerlendirilmelidir. Son yıllarda birçok araştırmada, Akdeniz diyetine uyumun kognitif fonksiyonlarda gerilemeyi azalttığı gösterilse de net sonuçların ortaya konulması gerekmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Akdeniz diyeti; kognitif disfonksiyon; demans; alzheimer hastalığı
Due to the aging of the world population, the incidence of diseases related to the decline of cognitive functions, such as dementia and Alzheimer's disease, is rising and the care of people with these diseases increases the economic and social burden. Nowadays, measures to be taken in preclinical stages are gaining importance in order to delay the development of these diseases or to slow down the prognosis. Although the etiology of these diseases is not known, accepted risk factors are; age, female gender and family history. Decreases in cognitive function are related to various vascular risk factors, and many studies have been conducted to investigate the role of nutrition from there. Diet is an important factor, especially when the disease is prevented or delayed. The aim of the present review is to investigate the effects of adaptation to the Mediterranean diet on delaying or preventing regression in cognitive functions. The Mediterranean diet is not a special diet model, but a traditional diet of countries that are coastal to the Mediterranean Sea. This type of diet is characterized by high fruit, vegetables, grain and legumes and low saturated fat, red meat and meat products, moderate fish and alcohol (especially wine), low to moderate dairy consumption, one of the most healthy eating patterns that provide multiple nutrient intake. There is consistent evidence of the health protective effect of the components of the Mediterranean diet and this is due to the interactive and synergistic combinations of nutrients. Although many studies in recent years have shown that adjusting to the Mediterranean diet reduces the risk of regression in cognitive functions, it is necessary to establish clear results.
Keywords: Mediterranean diet; cognitive dysfunction; dementia; alzheimer's disease
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