Bugün, farklı farmasötik sınıflardan çeşitli antidepresif ajanlar klinik depresyon tedavisinde başarıyla kullanılmaktadır. Ne var ki Türkçe tıp literatüründe bu ilaçların güncel klinik kullanım ve sonuçlarına dair bol miktarda yayın bulunmasına karşın, bunların tarihi klinik gelişim sürecini kökenlere inerek, teferruatla bildiren çalışmalar çok azdır. Bu araştırmada, literatürdeki bu boşluğun dolduruluşuna katkıda bulunmak amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmada, antidepresif ajanların kısmen etki mekanizmalarına kısmen de kimyasal yapılarına göre düzenlenmiş olan klasik tasnifi izlenmiştir. PubMed ve ScienceDirect gibi veri tabanlarının ve çeşitli bilimsel dergilerin arşivlerinin retrospektif taranışı ile her bir farmasötik alt sınıfın başlangıcını teşkil eden prototipik antidepresanın keşfi; tarihi olay örgüsüne, ilgili tıbbi figürlere ve orijinal klinik araştırma sonuçlarına dair ilk elden bilimsel yayınlar üzerinden işlenmiştir. Antidepresif psikofarmakoterapi tarihindeki dönüm noktaları üzerinde durulmuş, başlıca ilaç sınıfları (monoamin oksidaz inhibitörleri, trisiklik ve tetrasiklik ajanlar ve monoaminerjik geri alım inhibitörleri) arasında bağlantılar kurulmuş ve yerine göre analojiler yapılmış ya da farklılıklar vurgulanmıştır. Varılan başlıca bir sonuç, antidepresif psikofarmakoterapi tarihinde tesadüfi gözlem eseri ("ilk kuşak/klasik") ajanlardan rasyonel dizaynla ilaç üretimine ("ikinci kuşak" antidepresanlara) geçişin interdisipliner iş birliğine borçlu olunan gelişmelerle mümkün olmuş olduğudur: Çeşitli bilimsel branşlardan kişilerce monoaminerjik konsantrasyon hipotezinin ortaya atılışı, monoamin oksidaz-A ve -B enzimlerinin keşfi, floresans mikroskopiye dayanan histokimyasal görüntüleme yönteminin geliştirilişi, antidepresif ajanların etki mekanizmalarının sistematik in vitro ve in vivo tetkikatla aydınlatılışı ve de antihistaminikler gibi mevcut kimyasalların ya da yeni maddelerin klinik çalışmalarla antidepresif potansiyelleri bakımından sınanışı gibi aşamalardan geçilerek, sonunda bugün majör depresif bozukluk tedavisinde başvurulan birincil ilaçlar olan monoaminerjik geri alım inhibitörlerine ulaşılmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Antidepresan; antidepresanların tarihi; fluoksetin; imipramin; iproniazid; klorpromazin; monoamin hipotezi; tarih
Various antidepressive agents from different pharmaceutical classes are used successfully to treat depression today. Despite their well-documented clinical use and outcomes, however, the Turkish medical literatüre appears to lack studies dilating upon their historical development with reference to the origins and key events. Aimed at contributing to filling this gap, this study was built on the classical classification of antidepressive agents based partly on mechanism of action and chemical structure. PubMed, ScienceDirect, and various journal archives were reviewed retrospectively concerning the discovery of each agent that prototyped the pharmaceutical subclass investigated, with a focus on the timeline events, medical figures, and original clinical research results. The milestones in the history of antidepressive psychopharmacotherapy were highlighted, with connection and comparison between the main drug classes (monoamine oxidase inhibitors, tricyclics and tetracyclics, and monoaminergic reuptake inhibitors) through analogies and distinctions identified when appropriate. A main conclusion was that the consequential transition from the serendipitously obtained ("first-generation/classical") agents to rationally designed drug production (the "second-generation" antidepressants) was achieved by developments brought about by interdisciplinary collaboration. Production of the MRIs, pharmaceutics used primarily in treating major depressive disorder today, was processed through various stages by various scientific contributors propounding the monoaminergic concentration hypothesis, discovering the monoamine oxidase-A and -B enzymes, developing the histochemical visualization methodology by fluorescence microscopy, elucidating mechanisms of action of antidepressive agents through in vitro and in vivo investigation, and testing the existing chemicals such as antihistamines or new derivatives in clinical studies for their antidepressive potentials.
Keywords: Antidepressant; history of antidepressants; fluoxetine; imipramine; iproniazid; chlorpromazine; monoamine hypothesis; history
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