Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Sciences

.: REVIEW
Zayıflama Miyokini: FNDC5/İrisin ile İlgili Güncel Yaklaşımlar Üzerine Bir Derleme: Geleneksel Derleme
A Traditional Review of the Slimming Myokine: Current Approaches to FNDC5/Irisin
Diler US ALTAYa
aOrdu Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi, Beslenme ve Diyetetik Bölümü, Ordu, Türkiye
Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Sci. 2022;42(2):138-43
doi: 10.5336/medsci.2022-89253
Article Language: TR
Full Text
ÖZET
 İskelet kası, kalp ve beyinde eksprese edilen transmembran proteini olarak bilinen FNDC5 (fibronektin Tip 3 domainini içeren 5. protein), 2002 yılında keşfedildi ve yaklaşık 10 yıl boyunca bu membran proteini görmezden gelindi. 2012 yılında, özellikle akut ve yoğun egzersize cevap olarak iskelet kası FNDC5'inin ektodomain kısmı (N-terminal domaini), bilinmeyen bir proteaz tarafından kesilerek dolaşıma aktarıldı ve irisin olarak adlandırıldı. İrisinin beyaz yağ dokusuna, üzerinde bulunan integrin reseptörüne bağlanarak, peroksizom proliferatör aktive edici reseptör alfa aracılıklı UCP1 ekspresyonu ve mitokondri sayısını artırdığı, beyaz yağ dokusunun kahverengi yağ dokusuna dönüşmesini uyardığı yapılan deneysel çalışmalarla gösterildi. Normalde beyaz yağ dokusu soğuğa maruz kalındığında, beyin ve kalp gibi vital organları korumaya almak için bu değişimi gerçekleştirmektedir. Ancak beklenmedik bir şekilde, egzersize yanıt olarak beyaz yağ dokusunun değişiminin gerçekleştiği ve enerjinin adenozin trifosfat olarak değil, ısı olarak açığa çıktığı gösterilmiştir. Buna dayanarak, irisin molekülünün zayıflama, insülin sensitivitesi ve glukoz homeostazına aracılık edebileceği önerilmektedir. 2012-2022 yılları arasında, irisin miyokininin rolünü keşfetmek üzere 1.000'den fazla makale yayımlanmıştır ve özellikle yağ dokusu ve metabolizmadaki etkilerini aydınlatmak amacıyla çalışmalar devam etmektedir. Ancak çelişkili sonuçlar mevcuttur ve bu durumun, bazı çalışmalarda insan ve hayvan serum ve plazma numunelerinde irisin seviyesinin doğru ölçülmemesinden kaynaklandığı gösterilmiştir. Bu derlemede, irisin ile ilgili ölçüm yöntemleri, birçok hastalığın tedavisi açısından ümit verici olabileceği düşünülen rekombinant irisin enjeksiyonu ve FNDC5 geni nakavt edilmiş fare çalışmalarıyla ilgili güncel yaklaşımlara yer verilecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: FNDC5/irisin; ölçüm yöntemleri; rekombinant irisin
ABSTRACT
 FNDC5 (fibronectin Type 3 domain containing protein 5), known as the transmembrane protein expressed in skeletal muscle, heart and brain, was discovered in 2002 and this membrane protein was ignored for about 10 years. In 2012, in response to particularly acute and intense exercise, the ectodomain portion (N-terminal domain) of skeletal muscle FNDC5 was cleaved by an unknown protease, and this portion was circulated and named irisin. Experimental studies have shown that irisin binds to the integrin receptor on white adipose tissue, increasing peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha-mediated UCP1 expression and mitochondria count, and stimulating transformation of white adipose tissue into brown adipose tissue. Normally, when the white adipose tissue is exposed to cold, it performs this change to protect vital organs such as the brain and heart. However, unexpectedly, it has been shown that white adipose tissue changes in response to exercise and that energy is released as heat, not adenosine triphosphate. Based on this, it is suggested that the irisin molecule may mediate attenuation, insulin sensitivity, and glucose homeostasis. Between 2012-2022, more than 1,000 articles were published to explore the role of irisin myokine, and studies are continuing to elucidate its effects on adipose tissue and metabolism. However, there are conflicting results and it has been shown in some studies that the irisin level in human and animal serum and plasma samples is not measured correctly. In this review, current approaches about measurement methods related to irisin, recombinant irisin injection, which is thought to be promising for the treatment of many diseases, and FNDC5 gene knockout mouse studies will be discussed.

Keywords: FNDC5/irisin; measurement methods; recombinant irisin
REFERENCES:
  1. Liu C, Lin JD. PGC-1 coactivators in the control of energy metabolism. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai). 2011;43(4):248-57. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  2. Boström P, Wu J, Jedrychowski MP, Korde A, Ye L, Lo JC, et al. A PGC1-α-dependent myokine that drives brown-fat-like development of white fat and thermogenesis. Nature. 2012;481(7382):463-8. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  3. Us Altay D, Keha EE, Ozer Yaman S, Ince I, Alver A, Erdogan B, et al. Investigation of the expression of irisin and some cachectic factors in mice with experimentally induced gastric cancer. QJM. 2016;109(12): 785-90. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  4. Teufel A, Malik N, Mukhopadhyay M, Westphal H. Frcp1 and Frcp2, two novel fibronectin type III repeat containing genes. Gene. 2002;297(1-2):79-83. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  5. Erickson HP. Irisin and FNDC5 in retrospect: an exercise hormone or a transmembrane receptor? Adipocyte. 2013;2(4):289-93. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  6. Huh JY, Panagiotou G, Mougios V, Brinkoetter M, Vamvini MT, Schneider BE, et al. FNDC5 and irisin in humans: I. Predictors of circulating concentrations in serum and plasma and II. mRNA expression and circulating concentrations in response to weight loss and exercise. Metabolism. 2012;61(12):1725-38. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  7. Castillo-Quan JI. From white to brown fat through the PGC-1α-dependent myokine irisin: implications for diabetes and obesity. Dis Model Mech. 2012;5(3):293-5. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  8. Takada Y, Ye X, Simon S. The integrins. Genome Biol. 2007;8(5):215. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  9. Czyz M. Regulacja ekspresji integryn. Acta Haematol Pol. 2000;31:17-23.
  10. Vamvini MT, Aronis KN, Panagiotou G, Huh JY, Chamberland JP, Brinkoetter MT, et al. Irisin mRNA and circulating levels in relation to other myokines in healthy and morbidly obese humans. Eur J Endocrinol. 2013;169(6):829-34. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  11. Maak S, Norheim F, Drevon CA, Erickson HP. Progress and challenges in the biology of FNDC5 and irisin. Endocr Rev. 2021;42(4):436-56. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  12. Kim H, Wrann CD, Jedrychowski M, Vidoni S, Kitase Y, Nagano K, et al. Irisin mediates effects on bone and fat via αV integrin receptors. Cell. 2018;175(7):1756-68.e17. Erratum in: Cell. 2019;178(2):507-8. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  13. Polyzos SA, Mathew H, Mantzoros CS. Irisin: a true, circulating hormone. Metabolism. 2015;64(12):1611-8. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  14. Jedrychowski MP, Wrann CD, Paulo JA, Gerber KK, Szpyt J, Robinson MM, et al. Detection and Quantitation of circulating human irisin by tandem mass spectrometry. Cell Metab. 2015;22(4):734-40. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  15. Aslım HP, Bulut O. Western blot. J Adv VetBio Sci Tech. 2021;6(1):45-56. [Crossref] 
  16. Wrann CD, White JP, Salogiannnis J, Laznik-Bogoslavski D, Wu J, Ma D, et al. Exercise induces hippocampal BDNF through a PGC-1α/FNDC5 pathway. Cell Metab. 2013;18(5):649-59. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  17. Löffler D, Müller U, Scheuermann K, Friebe D, Gesing J, Bielitz J, et al. Serum irisin levels are regulated by acute strenuous exercise. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;100(4):1289-99. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  18. Brenmoehl J, Albrecht E, Komolka K, Schering L, Langhammer M, Hoeflich A, et al. Irisin is elevated in skeletal muscle and serum of mice immediately after acute exercise. Int J Biol Sci. 2014;10(3):338-49. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  19. Boster Bio [Internet]. © 1993-2021 Boster Biological Technology. ELISA Kits, Antibodies, Antibody Company. Available from: [Link] 
  20. Perakakis N, Triantafyllou GA, Fernández-Real JM, Huh JY, Park KH, Seufert J, et al. Physiology and role of irisin in glucose homeostasis. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2017;13(6):324-37. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  21. Aslan R, Alp HH, Eryılmaz R, Huyut Z, Sevim M, Araz Ş, et al. Can the irisin be a biomarker for prostate cancer? A case control study. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2020;21(2):505-9. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  22. Tang L, Tong Y, Zhang F, Chen G, Zhang YC, Jobin J, et al. The association of circulating irisin with metabolic risk factors in Chinese adults: a cross-sectional community-based study. BMC Endocr Disord. 2019;19(1):147. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  23. Xiong Y, Wu Z, Zhang B, Wang C, Mao F, Liu X, et al. Fndc5 loss-of-function attenuates exercise-induced browning of white adipose tissue in mice. FASEB J. 2019;33(5):5876-86. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  24. Luo Y, Qiao X, Ma Y, Deng H, Xu CC, Xu L. Disordered metabolism in mice lacking irisin. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):17368. Erratum in: Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):22021. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  25. Reza MM, Subramaniyam N, Sim CM, Ge X, Sathiakumar D, McFarlane C, et al. Irisin is a pro-myogenic factor that induces skeletal muscle hypertrophy and rescues denervation-induced atrophy. Nat Commun. 2017;8(1):1104. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  26. Reza MM, Sim CM, Subramaniyam N, Ge X, Sharma M, Kambadur R, et al. Irisin treatment improves healing of dystrophic skeletal muscle.Oncotarget. 2017;8(58):98553-66. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 

.: Up To Date

.: Process List

Login

 Forgot your password?

 New Registration  

Contact

Ortadoğu Reklam Tanıtım Yayıncılık Turizm Eğitim İnşaat Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş.

.: Address

Turkocagi Caddesi No:30 06520 Balgat / ANKARA
Phone: +90 312 286 56 56
Fax: +90 312 220 04 70
E-mail: info@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Manuscript Editing Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 2
E-mail: yaziisleri@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: English Language Redaction

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 145
E-mail: tkyayindestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Marketing Sales-Project Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 142
E-mail: reklam@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Subscription and Public Relations Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: abone@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Customer Services

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: satisdestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

1. TERMS OF USE

1.1. To use the web pages with http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name or the websites reached through the sub domain names attached to the domain name (They will be collectively referred as "SITE"), please read the conditions below. If you do not accept these terms, please cease to use the "SITE." "SITE" owner reserves the right to change the information on the website, forms, contents, the "SITE," "SITE" terms of use anytime they want.

1.2. The owner of the "SITE" is Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. (From now on it is going to be referred as "Turkiye Klinikleri", shortly) and it resides at Turkocagi cad. No:30, 06520 Balgat Ankara. The services in the "SITE" are provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.3. Anyone accessing the "SITE" with or without a fee whether they are a natural person or a legal identity is considered to agree these terms of use. In this contract hereby, "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the stated terms anytime. These changes will be published in the "SITE" periodically and they will be valid when they are published. Any natural person or legal identity benefiting from and reaching to the "SITE" are considered to be agreed to any change on hereby contract terms done by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.4. The "Terms of Use" hereby is published in the website with the last change on March 30th 2014 and the "SITE" is activated by enabling the access to everyone. The "Terms of Use" hereby is also a part of the any "USER Contract" was and/or will be done with the users using "Turkiye Klinikleri" services with or without a fee an inseparable.

2. DEFINITIONS

2.1. "SITE": A website offering different kind of services and context with a certain frame determined by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and it is accessible on-line on http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name and/or subdomains connected to the domain name.

2.2. USER: A natural person or a legal identity accessing to the "SITE" through online settings.

2.3. LINK: A link enabling to access to another website through the "SITE", the files, the context or through another website to the "SITE", the files and the context.

2.4. CONTEXT: Any visual, literary and auditory images published in the "Turkiye Klinikleri", "SITE" and/or any website or any accessible information, file, picture, number/figures, price, etc.

2.5. "USER CONTRACT": An electronically signed contract between a natural or a legal identity benefiting from special services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide and "Turkiye Klinikleri".

3. SCOPE OF THE SERVICES

3.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine the scope and quality of the services via the "SITE".

3.2. To benefit the services of "Turkiye Klinikleri" "SITE", the "USER" must deliver the features that will be specified by "Turkiye Klinikleri". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change this necessity any time single-sided.

3.3. Not for a limited number, the services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide through the "SITE" for a certain price or for free are;

- Providing scientific articles, books and informative publications for health industry.

- Providing structural, statistical and editorial support to article preparation stage for scientific journals.

4. GENERAL PROVISIONS

4.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine which of the services and contents provided in the "SITE" will be charged.

4.2. People benefiting from the services provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and using the website can use the "SITE" only according to the law and only for personal reasons. Users have the criminal and civil liability for every process and action they take in the "SITE". Every USER agrees, declares and undertakes that they will not proceed by any function or action infringement of rights of "Turkiye Klinikleri"s and/or other third parties', they are the exclusive right holder on usage, processing, storage, made public and revealing any written, visual or auditory information reported to Turkiye Klinikleri" and/or "SITE" to the third parties. "USER" agrees and undertakes that s/he will not duplicate, copy, distribute, process, the pictures, text, visual and auditory images, video clips, files, databases, catalogs and lists within the "SITE", s/he will not be using these actions or with other ways to compete with "Turkiye Klinikleri", directly or indirectly.

4.3. The services provided and the context published within the "SITE" by third parties is not under the responsibility of "Turkiye Klinikleri", institutions collaborated with "Turkiye Klinikleri", "Turkiye Klinikleri" employee and directors, "Turkiye Klinikleri" authorized salespeople. Commitment to accuracy and legality of the published information, context, visual and auditory images provided by any third party are under the full responsibility of the third party. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not promise and guarantee the safety, accuracy and legality of the services and context provided by a third party.

4.4. "USER"s cannot act against "Turkiye Klinikleri", other "USER"s and third parties by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" has no direct and/or indirect responsibility for any damage a third party suffered or will suffer regarding "USER"s actions on the "SITE" against the rules of the hereby "Terms of Use" and the law.

4.5. "USER"s accept and undertake that the information and context they provided to the "SITE" are accurate and legal. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is not liable and responsible for promising and guaranteeing the verification of the information and context transmitted to "Turkiye Klinikleri" by the "USER"s, or uploaded, changed and provided through the "SITE" by them and whether these information are safe, accurate and legal.

4.6. "USER"s agree and undertake that they will not perform any action leading to unfair competition, weakening the personal and commercial credit of "Turkiye Klinikleri" and a third party,  encroaching and attacking on personal rights within the "SITE" in accordance with the Turkish Commercial Code Law.

4.7. "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the right to change the services and the context within the "SITE"  anytime. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use this right without any notification and timelessly. "USER"s have to make the changes and/or corrections "Turkiye Klinikleri" required immediately. Any changes and/or corrections that are required by "Turkiye Klinikleri", may be made by "Turkiye Klinikleri" when needed. Any harm, criminal and civil liability resulted or will result from changes and/or corrections required by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and were not made on time by the "USER"s belongs completely to the users.

4.8. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may give links through the "SITE" to other websites and/or "CONTEXT"s and/or folders that are outside of their control and owned and run by third parties. These links are provided for ease of reference only and do not hold qualification for support the respective web SITE or the admin or declaration or guarantee for the information inside. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not hold any responsibility over the web-sites connected through the links on the "SITE", folders and context, the services or products on the websites provided through these links or their context.

4.9. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use the information provided to them by the "USERS" through the "SITE" in line with the terms of the "PRIVACY POLICY" and "USER CONTRACT". It may process the information or classify and save them on a database. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may also use the USER's or visitor's identity, address, e-mail address, phone number, IP number, which sections of the "SITE" they visited, domain type, browser type, date and time information to provide statistical evaluation and customized services.

5. PROPRIETARY RIGHTS

5.1. The information accessed through this "SITE" or provided by the users legally and all the elements (including but not limited to design, text, image, html code and other codes) of the "SITE" (all of them will be called as studies tied to "Turkiye Klinikleri"s copyrights) belongs to "Turkiye Klinikleri". Users do not have the right to resell, process, share, distribute, display or give someone permission to access or to use the "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information and the products under copyright protection by "Turkiye Klinikleri". Within hereby "Terms of Use" unless explicitly permitted by "Turkiye Klinikleri" nobody can reproduce, process, distribute or produce or prepare any study from those under "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyright protection.

5.2. Within hereby "Terms of Use", "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the rights for "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information, the products associated with "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyrights, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trademarks, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trade looks or its all rights for other entity and information it has through this website unless it is explicitly authorized by "Turkiye Klinikleri".

6. CHANGES IN THE TERMS OF USE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" in its sole discretion may change the hereby "Terms of Use" anytime announcing within the "SITE". The changed terms of the hereby "Terms of Use" will become valid when they are announced. Hereby "Terms of Use" cannot be changed by unilateral declarations of users.

7. FORCE MAJEURE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" is not responsible for executing late or never of this hereby "Terms of Use", privacy policy and "USER Contract" in any situation legally taken into account as force majeure. Being late or failure of performance or non-defaulting of this and similar cases like this will not be the case from the viewpoint of "Turkiye Klinikleri", and "Turkiye Klinikleri" will not have any damage liability for these situations. "Force majeure" term will be regarded as outside of the concerned party's reasonable control and any situation that "Turkiye Klinikleri" cannot prevent even though it shows due diligence. Also, force majeure situations include but not limited to natural disasters, rebellion, war, strike, communication problems, infrastructure and internet failure, power cut and bad weather conditions.

8. LAW AND AUTHORISATION TO FOLLOW

Turkish Law will be applied in practicing, interpreting the hereby "Terms of Use" and managing the emerging legal relationships within this "Terms of Use" in case of finding element of foreignness, except for the rules of Turkish conflict of laws. Ankara Courts and Enforcement Offices are entitled in any controversy happened or may happen due to hereby contract.

9. CLOSING AND AGREEMENT

Hereby "Terms of Use" come into force when announced in the "SITE" by "Turkiye Klinikleri". The users are regarded to agree to hereby contract terms by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the contract terms and the changes will be come into force by specifying the version number and the date of change on time it is published in the "SITE".

 

30.03.2014

Privacy Policy

We recommend you to read the terms of use below before you visit our website. In case you agree these terms, following our rules will be to your favor. Please read our Terms of Use thoroughly.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com website belongs to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. and is designed in order to inform physicians in the field of health

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot reach to user’s identity, address, service providers or other information. The users may send this information to the website through forms if they would like to. However, www.turkiyeklinikleri.com may collect your hardware and software information. The information consists of your IP address, browser type, operating system, domain name, access time, and related websites. www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot sell the provided user information (your name, e-mail address, home and work address, phone number) to the third parties, publish it publicly, or keep it in the website. Gathered information has a directing feature to be a source for the website’s visitor profile, reporting and promotion of the services.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com uses the taken information:

-To enhance, improve and maintain the quality of the website

-To generate visitor’s profile and statistical data

-To determine the tendency of the visitors on using our website

-To send print publications/correspondences

-To send press releases or notifications through e-mail

-To generate a list for an event or competition

By using www.turkiyeklinikleri.com you are considered to agree that;

-Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. cannot be hold responsible for any user’s illegal and immoral behavior,

-Terms of use may change from time to time,

-It is not responsible for other websites’ contents it cannot control or the harms they may cause although it uses the connection they provided.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. may block the website to users in the following events:

-Information with wrong, incomplete, deceiving or immoral expressions is recorded to the website,

-Proclamation, advertisement, announcement, libelous expressions are used against natural person or legal identity,

-During various attacks to the website,

-Disruption of the website because of a virus.

Written, visual and audible materials of the website, including the code and the software are under protection by legal legislation.

Without the written consent of Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. the information on the website cannot be downloaded, changed, reproduced, copied, republished, posted or distributed.

All rights of the software and the design of the website belong to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. will be pleased to hear your comments about our terms of use. Please share the subjects you think may enrich our website or if there is any problem regarding our website.

info@turkiyeklinikleri.com