Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Gerontology

.: REVIEW
Yaşlanma Sürecinde Egzersiz ve Fiziksel Aktivitenin Biyokimyasal ve Hücresel Etkileri: Sistematik Derleme
Biochemical and Cellular Effects of Exercise and Physical Activity in the Aging Process: Systematic Review
Gökçe KOÇa
aFethiye Devlet Hastanesi, Fizik Tedavi ve Rehabilitasyon Ünitesi, Muğla, Türkiye
Turkiye Klinikleri J Gerontol. 2023;2(1):10-6
doi: 10.5336/jgeront.2022-94951
Article Language: TR
Full Text
ÖZET
 Yaşlanma her canlıda görülen ve tüm işlevlerde azalmaya neden olan fizyolojik bir süreçtir. Molekül, hücre, doku, organ ve sistem düzeyinde ortaya çıkan, dönüşü olmayan yapısal ve fonksiyonel değişikliklerin tümü olarak da açıklanır. Vücudun çeşitli fonksiyon ve kapasitelerinde azalma, iç ve dış çevredeki değişikliklere adaptasyonda azalma ve vücuda zararlı olabilecek etkilere karşı direncin azalması yaşlanmanın genel bulgularıdır. Yaşlanma ile birlikte birçok organ sisteminde yapısal ve fonksiyonel değişiklikler meydana gelmekte ve rezervlerinde azalmalar oluşmaktadır. Yaşlanmaya bağlı olarak kas kütlesinde ve fonksiyonelliğinde azalma ve fiziksel inaktivite durumunda yaşlanma süreci ile oluşan fizyolojik değişiklikler hızlanmakta, kronik hastalıkların sıklığı artmakta; bu da bireyin yaşam süresini kısaltmaktadır. Düzenli fiziksel aktivitenin yaşlanma ile birlikte genel olarak azalan bağışıklık sistem fonksiyonları gibi birçok sistem üzerinde olumlu etkilerinin olabildiği yapılan çalışmalarda gösterilmiştir. Fiziksel olarak aktif olmayanlarda enfeksiyon görülme ihtimali, düzenli fiziksel aktivite yapanlara göre daha fazladır. Düzenli fiziksel aktivite ile gençlerdeki gibi yaşlılarda da kardiyovasküler sistem fonksiyonlarında %10-30 oranında iyileşmeler meydana gelmektedir. Egzersiz eğitimi sadece kas kaybını azaltmakla kalmaz, aynı zamanda kas kütlesini ve gücünü artırır; fonksiyonel kapasiteyi ve hayatta kalmayı da geliştirir. Kısa süreli egzersiz, reaktif oksijen türlerini artırma eğilimindeyken, uzun süreli egzersiz antioksidan enzimleri artırarak genel oksidatif stresi azaltır. Sonuç olarak uzun dönem düzenli fiziksel aktivitenin, yaşlılarda fonksiyonel bağımsızlığı sağlama ve yaşam kalitesi iyileştirmedeki faydaları bilinmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Egzersiz; yaşlanma; oksidatif stres; serbest radikaller
ABSTRACT
 Aging is a physiological process that is seen in every creature living thing and causes a decrease in all functions. It is also explained as all the irreversible structural and functional changes that occur at the level of molecules, cells, tissues, organs, and systems. A decrease in various functions and capacities of the body, a decrease in adaptation to changes in the internal and external environment and a decrease in resistance to effects that may be harmful to the body are the general signs of aging. With aging, structural, and functional changes occur in many organ systems and decreases in their reserves occur. Due to aging, the decrease in muscle mass and functionality and physical inactivity accelerates the physiological changes that occur with the aging process, the frequency of chronic diseases increases, and the life span is shortened. Studies have shown that regular physical activity can have positive effects on many systems, such as immune system functions, which generally decrease with aging. Those who are not physically active are more likely to be infected than those who do regular physical activity. With regular physical activity, 10-30% improvements occur in cardiovascular system functions in the elderly as well as in the young. Exercise training not only reduces muscle loss, but also increases muscle mass and strength, and improves functional capacity and survival. Short-term exercise tends to increase reactive oxygen species, while long-term exercise reduces overall oxidative stress by increasing antioxidant enzymes. As a result, the benefits of longterm regular physical activity in providing functional independence and improving quality of life in the elderly are known.

Keywords: Exercise; aging; oxidative stres; free radicals
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