Turkiye Klinikleri Pediatric Sciences - Special Topics

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Yağ Asidi Oksidasyon Bozuklukları ve Lipid Depo Hastalıkları
Fatty Acid Oxidation Disorders and Lipid Storage Disease
Mehmet Cihan BALCIa, Kemal NİŞLİb
aÇocuk Metabolizma BD,
bÇocuk Kardiyolojisi BD, İstanbul Üniversitesi İstanbul Tıp Fakültesi, İstanbul
Turkiye Klinikleri J Pediatr Sci. 2015;11(2):40-4
Article Language: TR
ÖZET
Yağ asidi oksidasyon bozuklukları yenidoğan dönemi, süt çocukluğu ve erken çocukluk dönemindeki akut metabolik dekompansasyon ve ani ölümlerin önemli nedeni olarak kabul edilmektedir. Farklı klinik bulgularla ortaya çıkabilir. En sık gözlenenlerden biri uzun süreli açlık sonrası hipoketotik hipoglisemi tablosudur. Karaciğer tutulumu olabilir. Kardiyak aritmiler ve kardiyomiyopati bulgularıyla karşımıza gelebilir. Diğer semptomlar arasında kas güçsüzlüğü, hipotoni, egzersiz intoleransı ve rabdomiyoliz sayılabilir. Mitokondrial yağ asidi oksidasyonunun farklı basamaklarındaki sorunlar çeşitli klinik bulgularla karşımıza çıkar. Karnitin transporter bozukluğu karnitin taşıyıcısında bozukluk sonucu oluşur. Kardiyomiyopati, hipoglisemik hipoketotik koma, çok düşük plazma ve doku karnitin düzeyleriyle karakterizedir. Karnitin palmitoiltransferaz tip 1 eksikliği olan hastalar çoğunlukla süt çocukluğu döneminde uzamış açlık veya araya giren hastalıklarla tetiklenen, hipoketotik hipoglisemi ataklarıyla başvurur. Karnitin palmitoiltransferaz tip 2 eksikliği erişkinlerde rabdomiyolizin en sık metabolik sebebi olarak bildirilmektedir. Orta zincirli asil-KoA dehidrojenaz eksikliği yağ asidi oksidasyon bozuklukları arasında en sık görülendir. Hastalar klasik olarak hipoglisemik hipoketotik komayla başvurur. Uzun zincirli asil-KoA dehidrojenaz eksikliğini rabdomyoliz ile başvuran erişkinlerde etyolojinin araştırılmasında akla gelmelidir. Uzun zincirli 3-hidroksiasil-KoA dehidrojenaz (LCHAD) eksikliğinde hipoketotik hipoglisemiye kardiyomiyopati, karaciğer fonksiyon bozukluğu sıklıkla eşlik eder. Hamilelikte akut karaciğer yağlanması, HELLP sendromu gelişen annelerin bebeklerinde LCHAD eksikliği mutlaka araştırılmalıdır. Multipl asil-KoA dehidrojenaz eksikliğinde yenidoğan döneminde anomalilerin eşlik ettiği fenotip görülebildiği gibi erişkin yaşta Reye benzeri hastalık tablosu ve proksimal miyopatiyle başvurabilir. Nötral lipit depo hastalığı (NLSD) trigliseritlerin çeşitli dokularda birikmesiyle karakterize, nadir görülen bir hastalıktır. NLSD?in iki farklı klinik fenotipi tanımlanmıştır. Birincisi iktiyozla beraber olan NLSD (NLSDI) ikincisi miyopatiyle beraber olan NLSD (NLSDM)?dir. NLSD?nin tanısal özelliklerinden biri lipit vakuolleri bulunduran lökositlerdir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Mitokondriyal hastalıklar; yağ asidi oksidasyon kompleksi; lipidler
ABSTRACT
Fatty acid oxidation disorders are considered as being an important cause of acute metabolic decompansation and sudden death in neonatal period, infancy and early childhood. They present with different clinical entities. One of the most commonly observed one is hypoketotic hypoglisemia afer a period of prolonged fasting. There may be liver disease. Cardiac arrhytmias and cardiomyopathies may be encountered. Other symptoms may include muscle weakness, hyopotonia, exercise intolerance and rhabdomyolysis. Disorders of each different mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation steps ends up with different clinical symptoms. Carnitine transporter deficiency is due to defects in carnitine transporter. It's characterized by cardiomyopathy, hypoglicemic hypoketotic coma, very low plasma and tissue carnitine levels. Carnitine pamytoyltansferase type 1 deficiency patients apply in infancy with attacks of hypoketotic hypoglicemia triggered by prolonged fasting or intercurrent illness. Carnitine pamytoyltansferase type 2 deficiency is reported as being the most common metabolic cause of rhabdomyolysis in adults. Medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency is the commenest fatty acid oxidation defect. Patients clasically presents with hypoketotic hypoglicemia coma. Very long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency should be thought as an ethiological cause in adults representing as rhabdomyolysis. Hypoketotic hypoglicemia is often associated with cardiomyopathy and liver disease in patients with long chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. It should be investigated in all babies of women suffered acute fatty liver or HELLP syndrome during pregnancy. Multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency may present in neonatal period with congenital anomalies or during adulthood with Reye-like illness and proximal myopathy. Neutral lipid storage disease (NLSD) is a rare disorder characterized by trigliceride deposition in multiple tissues. Two clinical phenotypes of NLSD have been defined. First is NLSD with icththyosis (NLSDI) second is NSLD with myopathy (NLSDM). One of the diagnostic properties of NLSD is lipid-containing vacuoles.

Keywords: Mitochondrial diseases; fatty acid oxidation complex; lipids

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