Turkiye Klinikleri Nephrology - Special Topics

Kronik Bobrek Yetmezligi ve Beslenme Ozel Sayisi
.: REVIEW
Tuz ve Böbrek Yetmezliği
Salt and Kidney Failure
Gültekin GENÇTOYa
aNefroloji BD, Başkent Üniversitesi Alanya Uygulama ve Araştırma Hastanesi, Antalya
Turkiye Klinikleri J Nephrol-Special Topics. 2017;10(2):73-83
Article Language: TR
ÖZET
Genel adıyla tuz (sodyum-klorur) insan vucudunun temel fizyolojik bir bileşeni ve ihtiyacı olmakla birlikte gıda ile alınan miktarındaki aşırılıklar başta hipertansiyon ve bobrek hasarı olmak uzere onemli sağlık sorunlarına yol acmaktadır. Tuz milattan once 2000'li yıllarda daha cok gıda korunması ve yiyeceklere lezzet katması amacıyla insanlık tarihine dahil olmuştur. İlkel cağlarda 1.5 gram /gun gibi duşuk duzeyde olan tuz tuketimi oğrenme ile artarak gunumuzde değişik toplumlarda eğişmekle birlikte ortalama 9-12 gram /gun civarındadır. Dunya capında tuz alımının kaynakları incelendiğinde %68 gibi en yuksek oranda hazır işlenmiş gıdalardan alındığı gorulmuştur. Fazla tuz tuketiminin nabız basıncı ve sertliğini artırdığı milattan once 1500 yılına ait bir Cin tıp kitabında not edilmiştir. Ancak tuzun kan basıncı uzerindeki artırıcı olumsuz etkileri ilk olarak 1900-1950 yılları arasında yapılan ceşitli araştırmalar ile net olarak anlaşılmış. Tuz kısıtlaması hipertansiyon tedavisindeki yerini almıştır. Daha sonra yapılan calışmalar aşırı tuz tuketiminin bobrek hastalığı ve kardiyovaskuler hastalık riskini artırdığını gostermiştir. Aşırı tuz tuketiminin ayrıca bobrek taşı oluşumu, mide kanseri ve osteoporoz gelişim riskini artırdığı, bronşial hiperreaktiviteye yol actığı da gosterilmiştir. Tuzun bobrek hasarına yol acması farklı mekanizmalara dayanmaktadır. Yuksek tuz tuketimi primer hipertansiyon gelişiminde rol alır. Primer hipertansiyon ırksal farklılıklar, yaşlanma ve obezite gibi modifiye edici faktorlerin de etkileşimi olmakla birlikte beningn nefroskleroz gelişinin temel tetikleyicisidir. Gunumuzde kronik bobrek yetmezliğinin diyabetik nefropatiden sonra en sık sebebi hipertansif bobrek hastalığıdır. Hipertansiyon bobrek hasarının sebebi olabileceği gibi aynı zamanda onemli bir sonucudur. Tuzun kan basıncından bağımsız olarak da bobrek hasarı oluşturabileceği bu hasarın lipid-DNA oksidasyonunda artış, anjiyotensin 2, mineralokortikoid reseptor ve TGF-beta uretiminde artış uzerinden gercekleştiği hayvan deneylerinde gosterilmiştir. Tuzun bobrekten atılımındaki azalma ve tuza cevaben normalden fazla kan basıncı artışı tuz duyarlılığı olarak tanımlanmış olup, siyah ırk, obez bireyler, metabolik sendromlular ve kronik bobrek hastalarında tuz duyarlılığı belirgindir. Primer hipertansiyonun patogenezinde de bobreklerin tuz atma kapasitesinde ki yetersizlik başlatıcı mekanizma olarak ileri surulmektedir. Yuksek tuz tuketimi ozellikle tuza duyarlı hastalarda hipertansiyon gelişimini daha kolay tetiklemektedir. Yuksek tuz tuketimi yaşla birlikte gelişen hipertansiyon riskini de artırmaktadır. Duşuk tuzlu diyet hipertansiyon tedavisinin olmazsa olmazı olup guncel klavuzlar hipertansif bireyde gunluk 6 gram ve altında tuz tuketimini onermektedir. Duşuk tuz kalsiyum kanal blokerleri haric antihipertansif ilacların etkisini de artırmaktadır. Tuz kısıtlaması gerek hipertansif gerekse normotansif kişilerde kan basıncını duşurmektedir. Yine orta duzeyle (6-12 gram/gun) tuz kısıtlaması heriki grupta kardiyovaskuler mortaliteyi azaltmaktadır. Gunumuzdeki veriler ışığında hipertansif bireylerde <6 gram, normotansif kişilerde 6-12 gram arası tuz kısıtlama uygun gorunmektedir. Tuz kısıtlama genel populasyonda hipertansiyon ve bobrek hastalığı, bobrek taşı, osteoporoz gelişim risklerini azaltarak sağlık harcamalarında da onemli katkı sağlayabilecek onemli bir onleyici sağlık yaklaşımıdır. Tuz alımının major kaynağının hazır işlenmiş gıdalar olduğu bilinmekte olup bu konuda sağlık otoritelerinin yapacağı kısıtlamalar ve kontroller toplum sağlığını olumlu etkileyecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Sodyum klorid; hipertansiyon; böbrek yetmezliği, kronik
ABSTRACT
Although in general name ‘‘Salt'' (sodium chloride) is basic physiologic component and a need for human body, leads to serious health problems including hypertension and kidney damage in case of excess intake with food. Salt has been included in the order of humanity before 2000's (B.C.) for food preservation and to add more flavour to food. Salt consumption was about 1.5 grams/day in primitive era, increased in time with learning and reached about 9-12 grams per day varying in different societies today. The sources of worldwide salt intake has been investigated and shown to be at the highest rate of 68% with processed foods. It had been noted that excess salt intake might increase the level and hardness of pulse pressure in a Chinese medical book in 1500 B.C. However the negative, increasing effect of salt on blood pressure was clearly understood by investigations performed between 1900-1950 and salt restriction has taken place in the treatment of hypertension. Subsequent studies have shown that excessive salt intake may increase the kidney disease and the risk of and cardiovascular disease. Furthermore excessive salt consumption has been shown to increase kidney stone formation, the risk of stomach cancer, osteoporosis and lead to bronchial hyperreactivity. Renal damage caused by salt intake leads to different mechanisms. Excessive salt consumption has a role in development of primary hypertension. Primary hypertension is the main trigger of benign nephrosclerosis with interaction of modifying factors as racial differences, aging and obesity. Today, after diabetic nephropathy hypertensive kidney disease is the most common cause of chronic kidney failure. Hypertension itself may be a cause and also a important result of the kidney disease. It has been shown that salt may create kidney damage independent to blood pressure via increasing lipid-DNA oxidation and increase in the production of angiotensin II, mineralocorticoid receptor and transforming growth factor beta (TGF β) in animal studies. Salt sensitivity is described as decreased renal excretion of salt and increase in blood pressure above expected amount in response to salt loading and salt sensitivity is more prominent in black race, obese individuals, patients with metabolic syndrome and chronic kidney disease. The primary initiating mechanism in the pathogenesis of primary hypertension is also suggested to be inadequate salt excretion of kidneys. High salt intake may trigger the development of hypertension in salt sensitive subjects more easily. High salt intake also increases the risk of developing hypertension with age. The sine qua non of the current guidelines for treatment of hypertension is low-salt diet and those recommends a daily salt intake of 6 grams or less in hypertensive individuals. Low-salt diet increases the potency of antihypertensive medications except calcium channel blockers. Salt restriction decreases blood pressure in both hypertensive and normotensive individuals. A still moderate (6-12 grams/ day) salt restriction reduces cardiovascular mortality in both groups. In the light of current data a salt restriction of <6 grams/day for hypertensive population and 6-12 grams/day for normotensive subjects seems to be appropriate. Salt restriction in the general population is an important preventive health approache that reduce the risks of hypertension, kidney disease, kidney stones, osteoporosis and so can provide a significant contribution to reducing healthcare spending. It is known that the major source of salt intake is processed foods, so restrictions and controls by health authorities on this issue will affect the public health positively.

Keywords: Sodium chloride; hypertension; kidney failure, chronic

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