Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Gerontology

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Türkiye'nin Demografik Fay Hatları Gerontolojinin Perspektifinden Demografik Yaşlanmanın Sebepleri ve Sonuçları: Geleneksel Derleme
Demographic Fault Lines in Türkiye the Causes and Consequences of Demographic Aging From the Perspective of Gerontology: Traditional Review
Hatice Büşra KARAa , Şerife AKKOCAb , Şule Sidrenur ÖZTÜRKa , İsmail TUFANc
aAkdeniz Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Gerontoloji Yüksek Lisans Programı, Antalya, Türkiye
bToplum Sağlığı Merkezi, Isparta, Türkiye
cAkdeniz Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi, Gerontoloji Bölümü, Antalya, Türkiye
Turkiye Klinikleri J Gerontol. 2023;2(1):35-44
doi: 10.5336/jgeront.2023-98011
Article Language: TR
Full Text
ÖZET
 Türkiye'de yaşlı nüfus oranı hızla yükselmektedir ve tüm dünyada olduğu gibi ülkemizde de demografik yapıya olan etkileri artmaktadır. Yaşlı nüfus, kronik hastalıklara daha yatkın olmaları nedeniyle nüfusun geneline kıyasla daha fazla sağlık hizmetine ihtiyaç duymaktadır. Bununla birlikte emeklilik maaşı ve sosyal güvenlik hizmetlerine olan artan talepleri sosyal güvenliğin sürdürülebilirliğini zorlaştırmıştır. Yaşlı nüfusun sağlık, sosyal hizmetler, sosyal güvenlik ve emeklilik sistemine olan etkileri bireysel ve toplumsal düzeyde önlemler almayı gerektirmektedir. Sosyal politikanın sistemleri iyileştirmeye ve mevcut olmayanı sisteme dâhil etmeye yönelik çalışmaları yaşlı nüfusun demografik yapıya etkilerinin en aza indirilebilmesi için önem arz etmektedir. Sosyal politikaların temel dayanağını anayasa oluşturmaktadır. Sosyal devlet kavramı, eşitlik ve adalet ilkeleri çerçevesinde sosyal politikaların bireylerin refahını artırmak ve ihtiyaçlarını gidermek amacıyla hizmetler planlaması ve yürütülmesini sağlaması gerekmektedir. Gerontolojide ''yaşam durumu'' kavramı eylemsel manevra alanı olarak bir kişinin veya belirli bir grubun yaşam koşullarını iyileştirmek veya amaç ve isteklerine ulaşmasını sağlayacak olanaklar ve kaynaklar anlamına gelmektedir ve bunlar yaşlı politikasının yasal çerçeve koşullarını oluşturmaktadır. Sosyal politik analizde yaşam durumu, insanların farklı yaşam koşullarından kaynaklanan farklı ihtiyaçlarını ve zorluklarını yakalama yöntemidir ve yaşlılık dönemi ihtiyaçlarını anlamak için yaşam durumu kavramının gerontolojideki anlamını ortaya koymak gerekmektedir. Sosyal politikalar, sosyal eşitsizlikleri azaltarak adaleti sağlamayı amaçlamaktadır. Yaşlılıkta sosyal eşitsizlikler, diğer nüfus gruplarına kıyasla yaşlıların yapısal katılımını engelleyebilir. Yaşlıların sosyal hayata aktif katılımının sağlanması ve yaşam kalitelerinin artırılması açısından sosyal politikaların önemi giderek artmaktadır. Yaşlılara yönelik hizmetlerin ve programların geliştirilmesi, yaşlıların sosyal hayata katılımını teşvik eden politikaların uygulanması gibi konularda çalışmalar yürütülmesi ve bütün bunlarda gerontolojinin bilgi ve tecrübelerinden yararlanılması önerilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Demografik yaşlanma; sosyal politika; sosyal hizmet
ABSTRACT
 The elderly population rate in Türkiye is rapidly increasing and, like in the rest of the world, its impact on the demographic structure is becoming more pronounced. Due to their susceptibility to chronic illnesses, the elderly population requires more healthcare services compared to the general population. However, the increasing demand for retirement pensions and social security services has made it difficult to sustain social security. The impact of the elderly population on health, social services, social security, and retirement systems requires individual and societal level measures. Efforts to improve social policy systems and include non-existent ones are crucial to minimize the impact of the elderly population on the demographic structure. The constitution forms the basis of social policies. The concept of a social state should ensure the planning and implementation of services to increase individuals' welfare and meet their needs within the framework of equality and justice principles. In gerontology, the concept of ''life situation'' means the possibilities and resources that improve the living conditions of an individual or a specific group and enable them to achieve their goals and desires, forming the legal framework for elderly policy. In social policy analysis, life situation is the method of capturing the different needs and challenges arising from different living conditions of individuals and understanding the needs of the elderly period requires defining the meaning of life situation in gerontology. Social policies aim to reduce social inequalities and provide justice. Social inequalities in old age may prevent elderly people's structural participation compared to other population groups. The importance of social policies in ensuring the active participation of the elderly in social life and improving their quality of life is increasing. It is recommended to conduct studies on the development of services and programs for the elderly, the implementation of policies that encourage their social participation, and to benefit from gerontology's knowledge and experience in all of these areas.

Keywords: Demographic aging; social policy; social work
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