Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine

Torasik ampiyem: tıbbi ve cerrahi tedavide güncel görüşler
Torasik ampiyem: tıbbi ve cerrahi tedavide güncel görüşler
Simon F. Leea, David Lawrencec, Helen Boothb, Stephen Morris-Jonesa, Bruce Macraea ve Alimuddin Zumlaa,d
aDepartment of Medical Microbiology, University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (UCLH), bDepartment of Thoracic Medicine, UCLH, cDepartment of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Hospital, UCLH and dCentre for Infectious Diseases and International Health, UCL Division of Infection and immunity, Royal Free and University College Medical School, University College London, London, UK
Article Language: TR
ÖZET
Derlemenin amacı
Ampiyem, plevral boşlukta oluşan enfeksiyon sonucu torasik kavitede püy birikmesi olarak tanımlanır ve altta yatan birçok sebebi bulunmaktadır. Bu nedenlerden en önemlisi tüberküloz veya penetran göğüs yaralanmaları ve cerrahi müdahaleleri takiben ortaya çıkan post-bakteriyel pnömonilerdir. Güncel kılavuzlar doğrultusunda en uygun şekilde tedavi ediliyor olmasına rağmen erişkinlerde ve çocuklarda halen önemli bir mortalite ve morbidite sebebidir. Eskiden ampiyem tedavisi ampirik olarak yapılmaktaydı, fakat yeni veriler daha fazla odaklanmış tedavi kılavuzlarının ortaya çıkmasına neden olmaktadır. Son bilgiler İntraplevral kullanım için onaylanan terapötik ajanlar veya bunların ampiyem tedavisinde kullanımları ile ilgili sürdürülmekte olan klinik çalışmaların sayısı artmaya devam etmektedir. Bununla birlikte, şu an kullanımları tartışmalı olup deneyler ve uzmanlık merkezleri ile sınırlıdır. Ulaşılabilirlik açısından kullanımları kısıtlı olsa da, ultrason ve kılavuz eşliğinde aspirasyon, şüpheli ampiyemde inceleme için tercih edilmektedir. Daha güvenli ve daha hassas olup daha fazla bilgi sağlamakta ve kılavuzlu drenaj durumunda daha etkili olabilmektedir. Son olarak, göğüs cerrahlarının ampiyem tedavisinde daha erken yer almalarını destekleyen literatür sayısı giderek artmaktadır. Gelecek dönemler açısından en acil soru, bir kısım, hatta bütün ampiyemli hastaların medikal torakostomiyi devre dışı bırakıp kronik ampiyem nedeniyle doğrudan video-yardımlı torakoskopik cerrahiye gidip gidemeyecekleridir.
Özet
Bu derlemede, en son görüşlerin bir özeti ve torasik ampiyem tedavisindeki sonuçları ana hatlarıyla belirtilmiştir. Ampiyem tedavisi şu şekilde özetlenebilir: Uygun antibiyotik tedavisiyle birlikte plevral boşluğun tıbbi veya cerrahi drenajı, altta yatan faktörlerin yönetimi ve kronik hastalık açısından gerekli olan daha ileri cerrahi girişimler.

Anahtar Kelimeler: dekortikasyon, drenaj, ampiyem, fibrinoliz, plevral effüzyon, torasentez, video-yardımlı torakoskopik cerrahi
ABSTRACT
Purpose of review
Empyema is defined as pus in the thoracic cavity due to pleural space infection and has a multifactorial underlying cause, although a majority of them are post-bacterial pneumonia caused by tuberculosis or by infection following penetrating chest injuries or surgical procedures. It is still associated with significant morbidity and mortality in adults and children despite optimal management according to current guidelines. Historically, empyema management has been empirical, but more recent data are leading to more focused management guidelines.
Recent findings
The number of therapeutic agents licensed for intrapleural use or undergoing clinical trials in the management of empyema continues to expand, although their use is currently controversial and probably best limited to trials and specialist centers. Although their use is limited by availability, ultrasound and guided aspiration is the investigation of choice in suspected empyema. It is safer, more sensitive, provides more information, and, in the case of guided-drainage, is more likely to be effective. Finally, there is a growing body of literature that supports very early involvement of thoracic surgeons in empyema management. An emerging question for the future is whether some or indeed all patients with empyema should now bypass medical thoracostomy and proceed directly to video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery for both acute and chronic empyemas.
Summary
A summary of the most recent opinions and results in thoracic empyema management is outlined. Treatment of empyema can be summarized as appropriate antibiotic therapy combined with medical or surgical pleural space drainage, management of any underlying factors, with further surgery indicated for chronic disease.

Keywords: decortication, drainage, empyema, fibrinolysis, pleural effusion, thoracocentesis, videoassisted thoracoscopic surgery

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