Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Internal Medicine

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Toplum Ruh Sağlığı Modelleri: Dünyada ve Türkiye'deki Mevcut Durum
Community Mental Health Models in the World and the Current Situation in Turkey
Sevcan KARATAŞa, Behice Belkıs ÇALIŞKANb
aİstanbul Yeni Yüzyıl Üniversitesi Sağlık Hizmetleri Meslek Yüksekokulu, İlk ve Acil Yardım Programı, İstanbul, TÜRKİYE
bBeykent Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Yüksekokulu, Hemşirelik Bölümü, İstanbul, TÜRKİYE
Turkiye Klinikleri J Intern Med. 2020;5(1):34-41
doi: 10.5336/intermed.2019-70877
Article Language: TR
Full Text
ÖZET
Toplum ruh sağlığı hizmetleri, ruhsal sorunu olan bireylerin topluma kazandırılmaları, ruhsal problemlerinin üstesinden gelebilmeleri, rehabilite edilmeleri, kaybettikleri toplumsal rol ve yeterliliklerini yeniden kazanmaları amacıyla yürütülen bütün hizmetleri kapsamaktadır. Ruhsal sorunu olan bireylere etkileşimde bulunduğu çevrede sunulan ve 3 basamaktan oluşan koruyucu, tedavi ve rehabilite edici her hizmet toplum ruh sağlığı kapsamında ele alınmaktadır. Ruh sağlığı hizmetlerinin sunum modelleri zaman içinde ihtiyaçların değişmesi, sağaltımın gerçekleşmesi, toplumun ruhsal sorunu olan bireylere olan bakış açısının değişmesi ile beraber yön değiştirmiştir. Bu doğrultuda, genel olarak ruh sağlığı hizmetlerinin sunum modelleri; hastane temelli model, toplum temelli model ve toplum-hastane denge modeli olmak üzere temelde 3 kategoriye ayrılmaktadır. Dünyada pek çok ülkede ve ülkemiz genelinde uzun yıllar hastane temelli model uygulanmış olup; günümüzde bu model yeterliliğini kaybetmiş, eksiklikleri ile eleştiri konusu olmuş, yerini toplum temelli model ve toplum-hastane denge modeline bırakmıştır. Toplum temelli model ise tıbbi müdahalenin eksik kalması nedeni ile uzaklaşılan bir model hâline gelmiş, sonraki yıllarda yerini toplum-hastane denge modeline bırakmıştır. Ağır ruh sağlığı hastalarının tedavisi ve bakımı konusunda toplum-hastane denge modeli geliştirilmiş olup, dikkat edilmesi gereken hususlar ise sunulan hizmetlerin yaşanılan çevreye yakın olması, hastane yatış sürelerinin mümkün olduğu kadar azaltılması ve ruh sağlığına ayrılan bütçenin hastaneler yerine toplum temelli hizmetlere aktarılmasıdır. Türkiye'de toplum temelli model uygulanmaktadır. Fakat ülkemizdeki ruh sağlığı uygulamaları toplum-hastane denge modelini uygulamaya daha yatkın olmasına rağmen henüz aktif hâle gelememiştir. Bu bağlamda, modele yönelik girişimlerin planlanması ve uygulanması ruh sağlı hizmetlerinin sunumunda hastaların topluma kazandırılmalarını önemli ölçüde artıracaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Toplum ruh sağlığı; ruh sağlığı modelleri; toplum ruh sağlığı hizmetleri
ABSTRACT
Community mental health services comprise all the services which are conducted for the purpose of reintroducing the individual with mental problems into society, enabling them to overcome their mental problems, rehabilitating them, and enabling them to regain their social roles and capabilities they have lost. Each service which is provided for the individuals with mental problems in the environment they interact with and which consists of three steps including protective, treatment and rehabilitating steps is examined as part of the community mental health. Providing models of mental health services have changed tack along with the change in the needs, in realization of healing, and in the perspective of the society towards the individuals with mental health problems. Accordingly, the mental health service providing models are generally assigned to three main categories including the hospital-based model, the communitybased model, and the community-hospital balance model. While it has been applied the hospital-based model for many years both in many countries and in our country in general, today this model has lost its efficiency, its deficiencies has been criticized, and has given its place to the community-based model and the community-hospital balance model. The community-based model has become a shunned model and has given its place to the community-hospital balance model in following years because of that the medical intervention has remained incapable. While it was developed the community-hospital balance model with respect to the treatment and care of seriously mental health patients, the points to take into consideration are that the services provided should be close to the living environment, the hospitalization durations should be reduced as much as possible, and the budgets allocated for mental health should be transferred to the community- based services instead of the hospitals. In Turkey, it has been applying the community-based model. However, although the mental health practices in our country are more inclined to apply the society- hospital balance model, it has not become active yet. In this context, the planning and application of initiatives towards this model will increase the deinstitutionalization of the patients in providing mental health services.

Keywords: Community mental health; mental health models; community mental health services
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