Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Sciences

.: REVIEW
Tip 1 ve Tip 2 Diyabet ile İlişkili miRNA'lar
Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes-Associated miRNAs
Sema BOLKENTa
aTıbbi Biyoloji AD, İstanbul Üniversitesi-Cerrahpaşa Cerrahpaşa Tıp Fakültesi, İstanbul
Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Sci. 2018;38(3):266-74
doi: 10.5336/medsci.2017-58414
Article Language: TR
Full Text
ÖZET
Diyabet hastalığı komplikasyonları ile birlikte ele alındığında dünyada milyonlarca insanın sıkıntı çektiği büyük bir sorun olarak görülmektedir. Diyabet hastalığının iki ana çeşidi Tip 1 Diyabet (T1D) ve Tip 2 Diyabet (T2D) olarak adlandırılır. T1D, genellikle otoimmün mekanizmaların neden olduğu pankreatik beta hücre harabiyetine bağlı olarak yetersiz insülin salınımı ile karakterize iken, T2D'te, insülin direnci nedeniyle gelişen beta hücre fonksiyon bozukluğu görülmektedir. Mikro ribonükleik asitler (miRNA'lar) ~22 nükleotit uzunluğunda, protein kodlamayan, tüm hücre tiplerinde gen ekspresyonunu post-transkripsiyonel olarak düzenleyen kısa RNA dizileridir. miRNA'lar hem normal hem de patolojik durumlarda önemli rol oynayan düzenleyicilerdir. miRNA'ların bozulmuş ekspresyonlarının diyabet hastalığı dahil birçok hastalığın patogenezi ile ilişkili olduğu düşünülmektedir. Bu derleme T1D ve T2D ile ilişkili miRNA'ların rolüne odaklanmaktadır. miRNA'ların vücut sıvılarındaki varlığı, bu moleküllerin diyabetin prognozu ve tedavisinde önemli olabilecek potansiyel belirteçler olarak gündeme gelmesini sağlamıştır. Günümüzde insanda yaklaşık 2500'ün üzerinde miRNA tanımlanmıştır. Bu moleküller, mRNA parçalanması veya translasyonun durdurulması fonksiyonları ile çok sayıdaki olayda düzenleyici role sahiptirler. miRNA'lar diyabet gelişiminden sorumlu mekanizmaların anlaşılmasına önemli katkı sağlamıştır. Son çalışmalar endokrin pankreasın beta hücrelerinde insülin üretimi ve salınması ile miRNA?lar arasındaki ilişkiyi ortaya koymuştur. miRNA'lar aynı zamanda pankreatik beta hücrelerinin farklılaşması, çoğalması ve hayatta kalmasında önemli rol oynarlar. Bu derlemede, miRNA'ların T1D ve T2D hastalıklarının ön tanısında, prognozunda ve tedavisindeki olası rolleri hakkında güncel bilgiler ve T1D ve T2D'te miRNA aracılı gen ekspresyon düzenlemeleri detaylı olarak sunulmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Tip 1 diyabet; Tip 2 diyabet; miRNA; diyabette tedavi; pankreas; beta hücresi
ABSTRACT
Diabetes along with its complications is considered as a major problem and is causing millions of people to suffer worldwide. Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) and Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) are two main types of diabetes. T1D is an autoimmune disease that is caused by a reduction in insulin release from the beta cells of islets, whereas T2D is characterized by beta cell dysfunction in response to insulin resistance. Micro ribonucleic acids (miRNAs) are noncoding RNAs of ~22 nucleotides that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally in all cell types. miRNAs are important regulators in both normal and pathological states. Dysregulated expression of miRNAs is associated with the pathogenesis of many diseases, including diabetes. This review focuses on the role of miRNAs associated with both T1D and T2D. The presence of miRNAs in body fluids suggests that they may be important players in the prognosis and treatment of diabetes. The current number of miRNAs exceeds 2500 in humans. These molecules have a regulator function by inhibition of translation or mRNA degradation in various events. miRNAs have contributed significantly to the understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the development of diabetes. Recent studies have demonstrated the association between miRNAs and the processes of insulin production and secretion in beta cells of endocrine pancreas. miRNAs also play important roles in differentiation, proliferation, and survival of pancreatic beta cells. This review brings together up-to-date knowledge about miRNAs and their role as potential biomarkers in pro-diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of T1D and T2D. miRNA-mediated modulation of gene expression in T1D and T2D is also presented in detail.

Keywords: Type 1 diabetes; Type 2 diabetes; miRNA; diabetes treatment; pancreas; beta cell

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30.03.2014

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