Journal of Literature Pharmacy Sciences

Therapeutic Applications of Ginkgo biloba L. Tree: Systemic Review
Ginkgo biloba L. Ağacının Terapötik Uygulamaları: Sistematik Derleme
Sena ÖZTÜRKa, Aynur SARIa
aDepartment of Pharmacognosy, İstanbul University Faculty of Pharmacy, İstanbul, Türkiye
J Lit Pharm Sci. 2023;12(1):31-42
doi: 10.5336/pharmsci.2022-91528
Article Language: EN
Full Text
ABSTRACT
 Ginkgo biloba L. is considered one of the oldest trees in the world and has been used for thousands of years for its variety of pharmacological effects. It is commonly known as ginkgo. Leaf extracts of this fossil tree have been standardized and patented under the name EGb761. EGb761 mainly consists of terpene trilactones which are unique to this species and flavone glycosides. It is supported by scientific research that these chemical components are responsible for the pharmacological effects of the tree. G. biloba L. has gained interest as a therapeutic plant for its favorable effects in cognitive impairment and neurodegenerative disorders like dementia. Its beneficial impacts on a wide range of pathological conditions, including cardiovascular health, asthma, psychiatric disorders, skin problems, and glaucoma as well as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and hepatoprotective activities, have been reported through experimental and clinical research. Ginkgo is generally well tolerated but when combined with warfarin or other antiplatelet medications, it can increase the risk of bleeding. This review mainly focuses on recent studies of pharmacological effects of G. biloba L. and indicates that G. biloba L. might be beneficial in the prevention and improvement of neurological, cardiovascular, pulmonary, ocular, metabolic, mental disorders also have anticancer and antimicrobial properties however further studies and clinical trials are necessary to confirm the safety and efficacy of G. biloba L. in order to guide medical use.

Keywords: Ginkgo biloba; EGb761; ginkgolides; ginkgolic acid; pharmacological activity
ÖZET
 Ginkgo biloba L., dünyanın en eski ağaçlarından biri olarak kabul edilir ve çeşitli farmakolojik etkileri nedeniyle binlerce yıldır kullanılmaktadır. Genellikle ginkgo olarak bilinmektedir. Bu fosil ağacın kendine has yapraklarının ekstreleri standardize edilmiş ve EGb761 adı ile patent almıştır. EGb761 esas olarak terpen trilaktonlar ve flavon glikozitlerinden oluşur, G. biloba ağacının farmakolojik etkilerinden bu kimyasal bileşenlerin sorumlu olduğu bilimsel araştırmalarla desteklenmektedir. G. biloba L., bilişsel bozulma ve bunama gibi nörodejeneratif bozukluklarda olumlu etkileri nedeniyle terapötik bir bitki olarak ilgi görmüştür. Kardiyovasküler sağlık, astım, psikiyatrik bozukluklar, cilt sorunları ve glokom dâhil olmak üzere çok çeşitli patolojik durumlar üzerindeki yararlı etkilerinin yanı sıra antioksidan, antiinflamatuar, antikanser ve hepatoprotektif aktiviteleri deneysel ve klinik araştırmalar yoluyla rapor edilmiştir. G. biloba L. genellikle iyi tolere edilir, ancak varfarin veya diğer antiplatelet ilaçlarla birlikte kullanıldığında kanama riskini artırabilir. Bu derleme, temel olarak G. biloba L. bitkisinin farmakolojik etkilerine ilişkin son çalışmalara odaklanmaktadır ve G. biloba L. bitkisinin nörolojik, kardiyovasküler, pulmoner, oküler, metabolik, zihinsel bozuklukların önlenmesinde ve iyileştirilmesinde faydalı olabileceğini, ayrıca antikanser ve antimikrobiyal özelliklere sahip olduğunu, ancak G. biloba L. bitkisinin güvenliğini ve etkinliğini doğrulamak ve tıbbi kullanıma geçebilmek için daha fazla araştırma ve daha ileri klinik çalışmaların gerekli olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Ginkgo biloba; EGb761; ginkgolidler; ginkgolik asit; farmakolojik etkiler
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4.6. "USER"s agree and undertake that they will not perform any action leading to unfair competition, weakening the personal and commercial credit of "Turkiye Klinikleri" and a third party,  encroaching and attacking on personal rights within the "SITE" in accordance with the Turkish Commercial Code Law.

4.7. "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the right to change the services and the context within the "SITE"  anytime. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use this right without any notification and timelessly. "USER"s have to make the changes and/or corrections "Turkiye Klinikleri" required immediately. Any changes and/or corrections that are required by "Turkiye Klinikleri", may be made by "Turkiye Klinikleri" when needed. Any harm, criminal and civil liability resulted or will result from changes and/or corrections required by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and were not made on time by the "USER"s belongs completely to the users.

4.8. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may give links through the "SITE" to other websites and/or "CONTEXT"s and/or folders that are outside of their control and owned and run by third parties. These links are provided for ease of reference only and do not hold qualification for support the respective web SITE or the admin or declaration or guarantee for the information inside. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not hold any responsibility over the web-sites connected through the links on the "SITE", folders and context, the services or products on the websites provided through these links or their context.

4.9. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use the information provided to them by the "USERS" through the "SITE" in line with the terms of the "PRIVACY POLICY" and "USER CONTRACT". It may process the information or classify and save them on a database. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may also use the USER's or visitor's identity, address, e-mail address, phone number, IP number, which sections of the "SITE" they visited, domain type, browser type, date and time information to provide statistical evaluation and customized services.

5. PROPRIETARY RIGHTS

5.1. The information accessed through this "SITE" or provided by the users legally and all the elements (including but not limited to design, text, image, html code and other codes) of the "SITE" (all of them will be called as studies tied to "Turkiye Klinikleri"s copyrights) belongs to "Turkiye Klinikleri". Users do not have the right to resell, process, share, distribute, display or give someone permission to access or to use the "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information and the products under copyright protection by "Turkiye Klinikleri". Within hereby "Terms of Use" unless explicitly permitted by "Turkiye Klinikleri" nobody can reproduce, process, distribute or produce or prepare any study from those under "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyright protection.

5.2. Within hereby "Terms of Use", "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the rights for "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information, the products associated with "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyrights, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trademarks, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trade looks or its all rights for other entity and information it has through this website unless it is explicitly authorized by "Turkiye Klinikleri".

6. CHANGES IN THE TERMS OF USE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" in its sole discretion may change the hereby "Terms of Use" anytime announcing within the "SITE". The changed terms of the hereby "Terms of Use" will become valid when they are announced. Hereby "Terms of Use" cannot be changed by unilateral declarations of users.

7. FORCE MAJEURE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" is not responsible for executing late or never of this hereby "Terms of Use", privacy policy and "USER Contract" in any situation legally taken into account as force majeure. Being late or failure of performance or non-defaulting of this and similar cases like this will not be the case from the viewpoint of "Turkiye Klinikleri", and "Turkiye Klinikleri" will not have any damage liability for these situations. "Force majeure" term will be regarded as outside of the concerned party's reasonable control and any situation that "Turkiye Klinikleri" cannot prevent even though it shows due diligence. Also, force majeure situations include but not limited to natural disasters, rebellion, war, strike, communication problems, infrastructure and internet failure, power cut and bad weather conditions.

8. LAW AND AUTHORISATION TO FOLLOW

Turkish Law will be applied in practicing, interpreting the hereby "Terms of Use" and managing the emerging legal relationships within this "Terms of Use" in case of finding element of foreignness, except for the rules of Turkish conflict of laws. Ankara Courts and Enforcement Offices are entitled in any controversy happened or may happen due to hereby contract.

9. CLOSING AND AGREEMENT

Hereby "Terms of Use" come into force when announced in the "SITE" by "Turkiye Klinikleri". The users are regarded to agree to hereby contract terms by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the contract terms and the changes will be come into force by specifying the version number and the date of change on time it is published in the "SITE".

 

30.03.2014

Privacy Policy

We recommend you to read the terms of use below before you visit our website. In case you agree these terms, following our rules will be to your favor. Please read our Terms of Use thoroughly.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com website belongs to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. and is designed in order to inform physicians in the field of health

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot reach to user’s identity, address, service providers or other information. The users may send this information to the website through forms if they would like to. However, www.turkiyeklinikleri.com may collect your hardware and software information. The information consists of your IP address, browser type, operating system, domain name, access time, and related websites. www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot sell the provided user information (your name, e-mail address, home and work address, phone number) to the third parties, publish it publicly, or keep it in the website. Gathered information has a directing feature to be a source for the website’s visitor profile, reporting and promotion of the services.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com uses the taken information:

-To enhance, improve and maintain the quality of the website

-To generate visitor’s profile and statistical data

-To determine the tendency of the visitors on using our website

-To send print publications/correspondences

-To send press releases or notifications through e-mail

-To generate a list for an event or competition

By using www.turkiyeklinikleri.com you are considered to agree that;

-Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. cannot be hold responsible for any user’s illegal and immoral behavior,

-Terms of use may change from time to time,

-It is not responsible for other websites’ contents it cannot control or the harms they may cause although it uses the connection they provided.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. may block the website to users in the following events:

-Information with wrong, incomplete, deceiving or immoral expressions is recorded to the website,

-Proclamation, advertisement, announcement, libelous expressions are used against natural person or legal identity,

-During various attacks to the website,

-Disruption of the website because of a virus.

Written, visual and audible materials of the website, including the code and the software are under protection by legal legislation.

Without the written consent of Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. the information on the website cannot be downloaded, changed, reproduced, copied, republished, posted or distributed.

All rights of the software and the design of the website belong to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. will be pleased to hear your comments about our terms of use. Please share the subjects you think may enrich our website or if there is any problem regarding our website.

info@turkiyeklinikleri.com