Journal of Traditional Medical Complementary Therapies

.: REVIEW
The Vagus Nerve and the Microbiota May Play a Reciprocal Role in the Chronicity of Pain: Traditional Review
Vagus Siniri ve Mikrobiyota Ağrının Kronikleşmesinde Karşılıklı Rol Oynayabilir: Geleneksel Derleme
Ali Veysel ÖZDENa, Gizem ZORLU GÖRGÜLÜGİLb, Cihan AKSOYc
aDepartment of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Bahçeşehir University Faculty of Health Sciences, İstanbul, Türkiye
bClinic of Internal Medicine, Antalya Atatürk State Hospital, Antalya, Türkiye
cPrivate, İstanbul, Türkiye
J Tradit Complem Med. 2023;6(1):58-67
doi: 10.5336/jtracom.2022-91401
Article Language: EN
Full Text
ABSTRACT
 Kronik ağrı, sürekli nosiseptif aşırı duyarlılık ile tanımlanır ve 3 ve/veya 6 aydan uzun süredir devam eden ağrı olarak sınıflandırılır. Yaşanan ağrıların çoğu kas-iskelet sistemi patolojilerinden kaynaklanır. Genetik yapıda çok sayıda anomali, otonom sinir sistemi düzensizliği, disbiyozis, oksidatif stres, merkezi ve periferik duyarlılaşma, inhibitör kontrolün çekilmesi veya inhibisyonu, bozulmuş kas yapısı ve nörotransmitterlerdeki hipotalamik-hipofiz-adrenal aks, hormonlarındaki ve ağrı modülasyon merkezlerindeki değişiklikler kronik kas-iskelet sistemi rahatsızlıklarında ortaya çıkabilir, ancak kronikleşme hâlâ tam olarak açıklanamamıştır. Vagus sinirinin yetersiz işlevi mikrobiyotayı değiştirebilir ve çift yönlü etkileşim ile beraberce ağrının patofizyolojisinde rol oynayabilirler. Kronik ağrı sendromlarında, devamlılık gösteren ağrıya yanlış adaptasyon kalıpları gelişmiştir; subjektif ağrı, objektif doku hasarından sonra veya doku hasarı olmadan devam eder. Literatürde, disbiyozisin ağrının kronikleşmesine neden olabileceği belirtilmektedir, ancak vagus sinirinde olası sorunlardan yeterince bahsedilmemektedir. Vagus siniri, fonksiyonel düzensizliğinin bağırsaktaki disbiyozise neden olabileceğini veya katkıda bulunabileceğini ve nihayetinde ağrının kronikleşmesine yol açabileceğini öne sürüyoruz. Bu derlemede, kas-iskelet sistemi ile ilişkili kronik ağrı sendromlarında vagus siniri disfonksiyonu ve disbiyozisin eşlik ettiği, vagus siniri ve mikrobiyota arasındaki karşılıklı ilişkiye dikkat çekmeyi amaçladık.

Keywords: Autonomic nervous system; chronic pain; microbiota; vagus nerve
ÖZET
 Chronic pain is defined by continuous nociceptive hypersensitivity and for more than 3 and/or 6 months duration, it is classified as longstanding pain. Most of the suffered pain is caused by musculoskeletal pathologies. Multiple anomalies in genetic structure, autonomic nervous system dysregulation, dysbiosis, oxidative stress, central and peripheral sensitization, the drawing reduction or inhibition of inhibitory control, altered muscular structure and changes in neurotransmitters, hypothalamic-hypophyseal-adrenal axe hormones, and pain modulation centers may occur in chronic musculoskeletal conditions but chronicity still remains not fully explained. Inadequate function of the vagus nerve may alter the microbiota and may be involved in the pathophysiology of pain with bidirectional interaction. In chronic pain syndromes, patterns of incorrect adaptation to ongoing pain have been developed; subjective pain persists after objective tissue damage or without tissue damage. In the literature, it is stated that dysbiosis can cause the pain to become chronic, but possible problems in the vagus nerve are not mentioned enough. We propose that vagus nerve function irregularity may cause or contribute to the dysbiosis in the gut and eventually may give rise to chronicity of the pain. In this review, we aimed to point out the possible crosstalking between the vagus nerve and microbiota accompanied by vagus nerve dysfunction and dysbiosis in chronic pain syndromes related to the musculoskeletal system.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Otonom sinir sistemi; kronik ağrı; mikrobiyota; vagus siniri
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4.9. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use the information provided to them by the "USERS" through the "SITE" in line with the terms of the "PRIVACY POLICY" and "USER CONTRACT". It may process the information or classify and save them on a database. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may also use the USER's or visitor's identity, address, e-mail address, phone number, IP number, which sections of the "SITE" they visited, domain type, browser type, date and time information to provide statistical evaluation and customized services.

5. PROPRIETARY RIGHTS

5.1. The information accessed through this "SITE" or provided by the users legally and all the elements (including but not limited to design, text, image, html code and other codes) of the "SITE" (all of them will be called as studies tied to "Turkiye Klinikleri"s copyrights) belongs to "Turkiye Klinikleri". Users do not have the right to resell, process, share, distribute, display or give someone permission to access or to use the "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information and the products under copyright protection by "Turkiye Klinikleri". Within hereby "Terms of Use" unless explicitly permitted by "Turkiye Klinikleri" nobody can reproduce, process, distribute or produce or prepare any study from those under "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyright protection.

5.2. Within hereby "Terms of Use", "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the rights for "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information, the products associated with "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyrights, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trademarks, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trade looks or its all rights for other entity and information it has through this website unless it is explicitly authorized by "Turkiye Klinikleri".

6. CHANGES IN THE TERMS OF USE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" in its sole discretion may change the hereby "Terms of Use" anytime announcing within the "SITE". The changed terms of the hereby "Terms of Use" will become valid when they are announced. Hereby "Terms of Use" cannot be changed by unilateral declarations of users.

7. FORCE MAJEURE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" is not responsible for executing late or never of this hereby "Terms of Use", privacy policy and "USER Contract" in any situation legally taken into account as force majeure. Being late or failure of performance or non-defaulting of this and similar cases like this will not be the case from the viewpoint of "Turkiye Klinikleri", and "Turkiye Klinikleri" will not have any damage liability for these situations. "Force majeure" term will be regarded as outside of the concerned party's reasonable control and any situation that "Turkiye Klinikleri" cannot prevent even though it shows due diligence. Also, force majeure situations include but not limited to natural disasters, rebellion, war, strike, communication problems, infrastructure and internet failure, power cut and bad weather conditions.

8. LAW AND AUTHORISATION TO FOLLOW

Turkish Law will be applied in practicing, interpreting the hereby "Terms of Use" and managing the emerging legal relationships within this "Terms of Use" in case of finding element of foreignness, except for the rules of Turkish conflict of laws. Ankara Courts and Enforcement Offices are entitled in any controversy happened or may happen due to hereby contract.

9. CLOSING AND AGREEMENT

Hereby "Terms of Use" come into force when announced in the "SITE" by "Turkiye Klinikleri". The users are regarded to agree to hereby contract terms by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the contract terms and the changes will be come into force by specifying the version number and the date of change on time it is published in the "SITE".

 

30.03.2014

Privacy Policy

We recommend you to read the terms of use below before you visit our website. In case you agree these terms, following our rules will be to your favor. Please read our Terms of Use thoroughly.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com website belongs to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. and is designed in order to inform physicians in the field of health

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot reach to user’s identity, address, service providers or other information. The users may send this information to the website through forms if they would like to. However, www.turkiyeklinikleri.com may collect your hardware and software information. The information consists of your IP address, browser type, operating system, domain name, access time, and related websites. www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot sell the provided user information (your name, e-mail address, home and work address, phone number) to the third parties, publish it publicly, or keep it in the website. Gathered information has a directing feature to be a source for the website’s visitor profile, reporting and promotion of the services.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com uses the taken information:

-To enhance, improve and maintain the quality of the website

-To generate visitor’s profile and statistical data

-To determine the tendency of the visitors on using our website

-To send print publications/correspondences

-To send press releases or notifications through e-mail

-To generate a list for an event or competition

By using www.turkiyeklinikleri.com you are considered to agree that;

-Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. cannot be hold responsible for any user’s illegal and immoral behavior,

-Terms of use may change from time to time,

-It is not responsible for other websites’ contents it cannot control or the harms they may cause although it uses the connection they provided.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. may block the website to users in the following events:

-Information with wrong, incomplete, deceiving or immoral expressions is recorded to the website,

-Proclamation, advertisement, announcement, libelous expressions are used against natural person or legal identity,

-During various attacks to the website,

-Disruption of the website because of a virus.

Written, visual and audible materials of the website, including the code and the software are under protection by legal legislation.

Without the written consent of Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. the information on the website cannot be downloaded, changed, reproduced, copied, republished, posted or distributed.

All rights of the software and the design of the website belong to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. will be pleased to hear your comments about our terms of use. Please share the subjects you think may enrich our website or if there is any problem regarding our website.

info@turkiyeklinikleri.com