Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Health Sciences

.: ORIGINAL RESEARCH
The Opinions of Midwives of the Future on the Effects of Climate Change on Women's Health: A Qualitative Study
Geleceğin Ebelerinin İklim Değişikliğinin Kadın Sağlığına Etkisine İlişkin Görüşleri: Nitel Bir Çalışma
Feyza AKTAŞ REYHANa , Ebru ERTAŞa , İmran BOYLU GÜLEKa
aKütahya University of Health Science Faculty of Health Science, Department of Midwifery, Kütahya, Türkiye
Turkiye Klinikleri J Health Sci. 2024;9(3):444-53
doi: 10.5336/healthsci.2024-101905
Article Language: EN
Full Text
ABSTRACT
 Objective: Climate change adversely affects the air we breathe, the water we drink, the food we consume, and the conditions of shelter, threatening global health. Health professionals are increasingly concerned about the health impacts of climate change and the challenges they face in providing health services. The study aims to evaluate the knowledge and opinions of future midwives about the effects of climate change, which poses a global health threat, on women's health. The study was conducted qualitatively with last-year midwifery students of a state university. Material and Methods: The number of samples was determined by criterion sampling method, one of the purposeful sampling types, and the saturation point was reached with 18 students. Data were collected through in-depth interviews using a questionnaire prepared by the researchers. The content analysis method was used to analyze the data. Results: The data obtained were collected under three main themes: ''students' awareness of climate change,'' ''the effects of climate change on women's health,'' and ''the responsibilities of midwives in protecting women's health against climate change.'' In the study, it was observed that while students had knowledge and awareness about the effects of climate change on women's health, some did not take measures against climate change. Conclusion: Midwives have important responsibilities to protect women's health from the negative effects of climate change. It is recommended to increase the knowledge and awareness of student midwives about climate change, which threatens global and human health, by integrating the subject into the undergraduate education curriculum.

Keywords: Midwifery; student; women health; climate change
ÖZET
 Amaç: İklim değişikliği soluduğumuz havayı, içtiğimiz suyu, tükettiğimiz yiyecekleri ve barınma koşullarını olumsuz etkileyerek küresel sağlığı tehdit etmektedir. Sağlık profesyonelleri, iklim değişikliğinin sağlığa etkileri ve iklim değişikliği nedeniyle sağlık hizmetlerini sağlamada karşılaştıkları zorluklar konusunda giderek daha fazla endişe duymaktadır. Çalışma, küresel bir sağlık tehdidi oluşturan iklim değişikliğinin kadın sağlığı üzerindeki etkileri konusunda geleceğin ebelerinin bilgi ve görüşlerini değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışma, bir devlet üniversitesinin son sınıf ebelik öğrencileri ile niteliksel olarak yürütülmüştür. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Örneklem sayısı amaçlı örnekleme türlerinden ölçüt örnekleme yöntemi ile belirlenmiş ve 18 öğrenci ile doyma noktasına ulaşılmıştır. Veriler, araştırmacılar tarafından hazırlanan bir anket kullanılarak derinlemesine görüşmeler yoluyla toplanmıştır. Verilerin analizinde içerik analizi yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: Elde edilen veriler ''öğrencilerin iklim değişikliğine karşı farkındalığı'', ''iklim değişikliğinin kadın sağlığına etkileri'' ve ''ebelerin kadın sağlığını iklim değişikliğine karşı korumadaki sorumlulukları'' olmak üzere 3 ana tema altında toplanmıştır. Çalışmada, bazı öğrenciler iklim değişikliğinin kadın sağlığı üzerindeki etkileri hakkında bilgi ve farkındalığa sahip olduğu, bazılarının ise iklim değişikliğine karşı önlem almadığı gözlenmiştir. Sonuç: Ebelerin, kadın sağlığını iklim değişikliğinin olumsuz etkilerinden korumak için önemli sorumlulukları vardır. İklim değişikliği konusunun lisans eğitim müfredatına entegre edilmesi öğrenci ebelerin küresel ve insan sağlığını tehdit eden iklim değişikliği konusundaki bilgi ve farkındalıklarının artırılması önerilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Ebelik; öğrenci; kadın sağlığı; iklim değişikliği
REFERENCES:
  1. T.C. Çevre, Şehircilik ve İklim Değişikliği Bakanlığı İklim Değişikliği Başkanlığı [İnternet]. [Erişim tarihi: 29 Nisan 2023]. Birleşmiş Milletler İklim Değişikliği Çerçeve Sözleşmesi. Erişim tarihi: [Link] 
  2. Watts N, Amann M, Arnell N, Ayeb-Karlsson S, Belesova K, Boykoff M, et al. The 2019 report of The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: ensuring that the health of a child born today is not defined by a changing climate. Lancet. 2019;394(10211):1836-78. [PubMed] 
  3. Dimitrov BG. Effects of climate change on women. Res. Rev. Int. J. Multidis. 2019;4(5):201-15. [Link] 
  4. Giudice LC, Llamas-Clark EF, DeNicola N, Pandipati S, Zlatnik MG, Decena DCD, et al; FIGO Committee on Climate Change and Toxic Environmental Exposures. Climate change, women's health, and the role of obstetricians and gynecologists in leadership. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2021;155(3):345-56. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  5. Segal TR, Giudice LC. Systematic review of climate change effects on reproductive health. Fertil Steril. 2022;118(2):215-23. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  6. Carneiro MM. Climate change, human fertility, and the health of future generations: a call for action. Women Health. 2022;62(9-10):751-2. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  7. Mahapatra B, Chaudhuri T, Saggurti N. Climate change vulnerability, and health of women and children: Evidence from India using district level data. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2023;160(2):437-46. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  8. McGranahan M, Cartwright A. Why should we care about entonox? The importance of climate change for midwives. Practising Midwife. 2020;23(7). [Crossref] 
  9. Dağlı E, Reyhan FA, Kırca AŞ. Midwives' views about the effects of climate change on maternal and child health: A qualitative study. Women Birth. 2024;37(2):451-7. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  10. International Confederation of Midwives. [Cited: April 29, 2023]. International day of the midwife theme announcement. Available from: [Link] 
  11. Yıldırım A, Şimşek H. Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri. 11. Baskı. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık; 2018. [Crossref] 
  12. Hatch JA. doing Qualitative Research in Education Settings. 2nd ed. New York: State University of Press; 2023. [Crossref] 
  13. Baskale H. Nitel araştırmalarda geçerlik, güvenirlik ve örneklem büyüklüğünün belirlenmesi [Determining validity, reliability and sample size in qualitative research]. Nine September University Faculty of Nursing Electronic Journal. 2016;9(1):23-8. [Link] 
  14. Rao N, Mishra A, Prakash A, Singh C, Qaisrani A, Poonacha P, et al. A qualitative comparative analysis of women's agency and adaptive capacity in climate change hotspots in Asia and Africa. Nature Climate Change. 2019;9(12):964-71. [Crossref] 
  15. Austin EK, Rich JL, Kiem AS, Handley T, Perkins D, Kelly BJ. Concerns about climate change among rural residents in Australia. Journal of Rural Studies. 2020;(75):98-109. [Crossref] 
  16. Braun V, Clarke V. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology. 2006;3(2):77-101. [Crossref] 
  17. Gunbayı I, Akcan F. İlköğretim kurumları yöneticilerinin yaşadıkları iş streslerine ilişkin görüşleri: bir durum çalışması [Compulsory school principals' opinions on job stress and stressors: a case study]. Journal of Teacher Education and Educators. 2013;2(2):195-224. [Link] 
  18. Tong A, Sainsbury P, Craig J. Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): a 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups. Int J Qual Health Care. 2007;19(6):349-57. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  19. Shi J, Visschers VH, Siegrist M, Arvai J. Knowledge as a driver of public perceptions about climate change reassessed. Nature Climate Change. 2016;6(8):759-62. [Crossref] 
  20. Demski C, Capstick S, Pidgeon N, Sposato RG, Spence A. Experience of extreme weather affects climate change mitigation and adaptation responses. Clim Change. 2017;140(2):149-64. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  21. Agiralan E, Sadioglu U. İklim değişikliği farkındalığı ve toplum bilinci: İstanbul örneği [Climate change awareness and public consciousness: the case of Istanbul]. Anadolu University Journal of Social Sciences. 2021;21(2):627-54. [Crossref] 
  22. Capstick S, Whitmarsh L, Poortinga W, Pidgeon N, Upham P. International trends in public perceptions of climate change over the past quarter century. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change. 2015;6(1):35-61. [Crossref] 
  23. Kreslake JM, Sarfaty M, Roser-Renouf C, Leiserowitz AA, Maibach EW. The critical roles of health professionals in climate change prevention and preparedness. Am J Public Health. 2018;108(S2):S68-S9. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  24. Atik AD, Dogan Y. Lise öğrencilerinin küresel iklim değişikliği hakkındaki görüşleri [High school students' views on global climate change]. Academy Journal of Educational Sciences. 2019;3(1):84-100. [Link] 
  25. Nsengiyumva R, Mukarubayiza MR, Murekatete C, Meharry P. Climate change Associated with neonatal health risks: Rwandan nurses and midwives' awareness and perceptions. Rwanda Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences. 2020;3(2):261-72. [Crossref] 
  26. Gulsoy E, Korkmaz M. Üniversite öğrencilerinin sosyo-ekonomik özelliklerinin küresel ısınma ve iklim değişikliği algıları üzerine etkileri [The effects of socio-economic characteristics of university students on global warming and climate change perceptions]. Turkish Journal of Forestry. 2020;21(4):428-37. [Crossref] 
  27. Tong S, Ebi K. Preventing and mitigating health risks of climate change. Environ Res. 2019;174:9-13. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  28. Richardson J, Grose J, Bradbury M, Kelsey J. Developing awareness of sustainability in nursing and midwifery using a scenario-based approach: Evidence from a pre and post educational intervention study. Nurse Educ Today. 2017;54:51-5. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 

.: Up To Date

.: Process List

Login

 Forgot your password?

 New Registration  

Contact

Ortadoğu Reklam Tanıtım Yayıncılık Turizm Eğitim İnşaat Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş.

.: Address

Turkocagi Caddesi No:30 06520 Balgat / ANKARA
Phone: +90 312 286 56 56
Fax: +90 312 220 04 70
E-mail: info@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Manuscript Editing Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 2
E-mail: yaziisleri@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: English Language Redaction

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 145
E-mail: tkyayindestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Marketing Sales-Project Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 142
E-mail: reklam@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Subscription and Public Relations Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: abone@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Customer Services

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: satisdestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

1. TERMS OF USE

1.1. To use the web pages with http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name or the websites reached through the sub domain names attached to the domain name (They will be collectively referred as "SITE"), please read the conditions below. If you do not accept these terms, please cease to use the "SITE." "SITE" owner reserves the right to change the information on the website, forms, contents, the "SITE," "SITE" terms of use anytime they want.

1.2. The owner of the "SITE" is Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. (From now on it is going to be referred as "Turkiye Klinikleri", shortly) and it resides at Turkocagi cad. No:30, 06520 Balgat Ankara. The services in the "SITE" are provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.3. Anyone accessing the "SITE" with or without a fee whether they are a natural person or a legal identity is considered to agree these terms of use. In this contract hereby, "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the stated terms anytime. These changes will be published in the "SITE" periodically and they will be valid when they are published. Any natural person or legal identity benefiting from and reaching to the "SITE" are considered to be agreed to any change on hereby contract terms done by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.4. The "Terms of Use" hereby is published in the website with the last change on March 30th 2014 and the "SITE" is activated by enabling the access to everyone. The "Terms of Use" hereby is also a part of the any "USER Contract" was and/or will be done with the users using "Turkiye Klinikleri" services with or without a fee an inseparable.

2. DEFINITIONS

2.1. "SITE": A website offering different kind of services and context with a certain frame determined by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and it is accessible on-line on http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name and/or subdomains connected to the domain name.

2.2. USER: A natural person or a legal identity accessing to the "SITE" through online settings.

2.3. LINK: A link enabling to access to another website through the "SITE", the files, the context or through another website to the "SITE", the files and the context.

2.4. CONTEXT: Any visual, literary and auditory images published in the "Turkiye Klinikleri", "SITE" and/or any website or any accessible information, file, picture, number/figures, price, etc.

2.5. "USER CONTRACT": An electronically signed contract between a natural or a legal identity benefiting from special services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide and "Turkiye Klinikleri".

3. SCOPE OF THE SERVICES

3.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine the scope and quality of the services via the "SITE".

3.2. To benefit the services of "Turkiye Klinikleri" "SITE", the "USER" must deliver the features that will be specified by "Turkiye Klinikleri". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change this necessity any time single-sided.

3.3. Not for a limited number, the services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide through the "SITE" for a certain price or for free are;

- Providing scientific articles, books and informative publications for health industry.

- Providing structural, statistical and editorial support to article preparation stage for scientific journals.

4. GENERAL PROVISIONS

4.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine which of the services and contents provided in the "SITE" will be charged.

4.2. People benefiting from the services provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and using the website can use the "SITE" only according to the law and only for personal reasons. Users have the criminal and civil liability for every process and action they take in the "SITE". Every USER agrees, declares and undertakes that they will not proceed by any function or action infringement of rights of "Turkiye Klinikleri"s and/or other third parties', they are the exclusive right holder on usage, processing, storage, made public and revealing any written, visual or auditory information reported to Turkiye Klinikleri" and/or "SITE" to the third parties. "USER" agrees and undertakes that s/he will not duplicate, copy, distribute, process, the pictures, text, visual and auditory images, video clips, files, databases, catalogs and lists within the "SITE", s/he will not be using these actions or with other ways to compete with "Turkiye Klinikleri", directly or indirectly.

4.3. The services provided and the context published within the "SITE" by third parties is not under the responsibility of "Turkiye Klinikleri", institutions collaborated with "Turkiye Klinikleri", "Turkiye Klinikleri" employee and directors, "Turkiye Klinikleri" authorized salespeople. Commitment to accuracy and legality of the published information, context, visual and auditory images provided by any third party are under the full responsibility of the third party. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not promise and guarantee the safety, accuracy and legality of the services and context provided by a third party.

4.4. "USER"s cannot act against "Turkiye Klinikleri", other "USER"s and third parties by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" has no direct and/or indirect responsibility for any damage a third party suffered or will suffer regarding "USER"s actions on the "SITE" against the rules of the hereby "Terms of Use" and the law.

4.5. "USER"s accept and undertake that the information and context they provided to the "SITE" are accurate and legal. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is not liable and responsible for promising and guaranteeing the verification of the information and context transmitted to "Turkiye Klinikleri" by the "USER"s, or uploaded, changed and provided through the "SITE" by them and whether these information are safe, accurate and legal.

4.6. "USER"s agree and undertake that they will not perform any action leading to unfair competition, weakening the personal and commercial credit of "Turkiye Klinikleri" and a third party,  encroaching and attacking on personal rights within the "SITE" in accordance with the Turkish Commercial Code Law.

4.7. "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the right to change the services and the context within the "SITE"  anytime. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use this right without any notification and timelessly. "USER"s have to make the changes and/or corrections "Turkiye Klinikleri" required immediately. Any changes and/or corrections that are required by "Turkiye Klinikleri", may be made by "Turkiye Klinikleri" when needed. Any harm, criminal and civil liability resulted or will result from changes and/or corrections required by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and were not made on time by the "USER"s belongs completely to the users.

4.8. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may give links through the "SITE" to other websites and/or "CONTEXT"s and/or folders that are outside of their control and owned and run by third parties. These links are provided for ease of reference only and do not hold qualification for support the respective web SITE or the admin or declaration or guarantee for the information inside. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not hold any responsibility over the web-sites connected through the links on the "SITE", folders and context, the services or products on the websites provided through these links or their context.

4.9. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use the information provided to them by the "USERS" through the "SITE" in line with the terms of the "PRIVACY POLICY" and "USER CONTRACT". It may process the information or classify and save them on a database. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may also use the USER's or visitor's identity, address, e-mail address, phone number, IP number, which sections of the "SITE" they visited, domain type, browser type, date and time information to provide statistical evaluation and customized services.

5. PROPRIETARY RIGHTS

5.1. The information accessed through this "SITE" or provided by the users legally and all the elements (including but not limited to design, text, image, html code and other codes) of the "SITE" (all of them will be called as studies tied to "Turkiye Klinikleri"s copyrights) belongs to "Turkiye Klinikleri". Users do not have the right to resell, process, share, distribute, display or give someone permission to access or to use the "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information and the products under copyright protection by "Turkiye Klinikleri". Within hereby "Terms of Use" unless explicitly permitted by "Turkiye Klinikleri" nobody can reproduce, process, distribute or produce or prepare any study from those under "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyright protection.

5.2. Within hereby "Terms of Use", "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the rights for "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information, the products associated with "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyrights, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trademarks, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trade looks or its all rights for other entity and information it has through this website unless it is explicitly authorized by "Turkiye Klinikleri".

6. CHANGES IN THE TERMS OF USE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" in its sole discretion may change the hereby "Terms of Use" anytime announcing within the "SITE". The changed terms of the hereby "Terms of Use" will become valid when they are announced. Hereby "Terms of Use" cannot be changed by unilateral declarations of users.

7. FORCE MAJEURE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" is not responsible for executing late or never of this hereby "Terms of Use", privacy policy and "USER Contract" in any situation legally taken into account as force majeure. Being late or failure of performance or non-defaulting of this and similar cases like this will not be the case from the viewpoint of "Turkiye Klinikleri", and "Turkiye Klinikleri" will not have any damage liability for these situations. "Force majeure" term will be regarded as outside of the concerned party's reasonable control and any situation that "Turkiye Klinikleri" cannot prevent even though it shows due diligence. Also, force majeure situations include but not limited to natural disasters, rebellion, war, strike, communication problems, infrastructure and internet failure, power cut and bad weather conditions.

8. LAW AND AUTHORISATION TO FOLLOW

Turkish Law will be applied in practicing, interpreting the hereby "Terms of Use" and managing the emerging legal relationships within this "Terms of Use" in case of finding element of foreignness, except for the rules of Turkish conflict of laws. Ankara Courts and Enforcement Offices are entitled in any controversy happened or may happen due to hereby contract.

9. CLOSING AND AGREEMENT

Hereby "Terms of Use" come into force when announced in the "SITE" by "Turkiye Klinikleri". The users are regarded to agree to hereby contract terms by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the contract terms and the changes will be come into force by specifying the version number and the date of change on time it is published in the "SITE".

 

30.03.2014

Privacy Policy

We recommend you to read the terms of use below before you visit our website. In case you agree these terms, following our rules will be to your favor. Please read our Terms of Use thoroughly.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com website belongs to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. and is designed in order to inform physicians in the field of health

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot reach to user’s identity, address, service providers or other information. The users may send this information to the website through forms if they would like to. However, www.turkiyeklinikleri.com may collect your hardware and software information. The information consists of your IP address, browser type, operating system, domain name, access time, and related websites. www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot sell the provided user information (your name, e-mail address, home and work address, phone number) to the third parties, publish it publicly, or keep it in the website. Gathered information has a directing feature to be a source for the website’s visitor profile, reporting and promotion of the services.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com uses the taken information:

-To enhance, improve and maintain the quality of the website

-To generate visitor’s profile and statistical data

-To determine the tendency of the visitors on using our website

-To send print publications/correspondences

-To send press releases or notifications through e-mail

-To generate a list for an event or competition

By using www.turkiyeklinikleri.com you are considered to agree that;

-Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. cannot be hold responsible for any user’s illegal and immoral behavior,

-Terms of use may change from time to time,

-It is not responsible for other websites’ contents it cannot control or the harms they may cause although it uses the connection they provided.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. may block the website to users in the following events:

-Information with wrong, incomplete, deceiving or immoral expressions is recorded to the website,

-Proclamation, advertisement, announcement, libelous expressions are used against natural person or legal identity,

-During various attacks to the website,

-Disruption of the website because of a virus.

Written, visual and audible materials of the website, including the code and the software are under protection by legal legislation.

Without the written consent of Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. the information on the website cannot be downloaded, changed, reproduced, copied, republished, posted or distributed.

All rights of the software and the design of the website belong to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. will be pleased to hear your comments about our terms of use. Please share the subjects you think may enrich our website or if there is any problem regarding our website.

info@turkiyeklinikleri.com