Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Dental Sciences

.: ORIGINAL RESEARCH
The Evaluation of the Awareness About the Effects of Smoking on Oral and Periodontal Health
Sigaranın Ağız ve Diş Eti Sağlığı Üzerindeki Etkileri ile İlişkili Farkındalığın Değerlendirilmesi
Mediha Nur NIŞANCI YILMAZa, Elif İNÖNÜa, Bahar Füsun ODUNCUOĞLUa, Deniz ÖZONURb
aDepartmen of Periodontology, Başkent University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, TURKEY
bDepartment of Statistics, Gazi University Faculty of Science, Ankara, TURKEY
Turkiye Klinikleri J Dental Sci. 2021;27(4):652-9
doi: 10.5336/dentalsci.2020-80645
Article Language: EN
Full Text
ABSTRACT
 Objective: The clinical signs of periodontal disease may negatively affect the quality of life. In addition, smoking is an important risk factor for oral and periodontal diseases. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the patients' awareness of the effects of smoking on oral health and investigate the impacts of periodontal disease on oral health-related quality of life. Material and Methods: One hundred and forty participants were diagnosed according to the 2017 classification of periodontal and peri-implant diseases and conditions. A questionnaire was used to analyze the patients' awareness of the effects of smoking and oral health-related quality of life was measured using Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14) scale. Statistical tests were performed in order to assess the association between categorical variables and ordinal logistic regression was applied to evaluate risk factors of the OHIP-14 score. Results: The patients included in the study had low level of awareness of the relationship between smoking and the failure of periodontal and implant therapy. There was a significant difference among smokers, non- and ex-smokers in awareness of the effect of smoking on taste alteration. In study group, 32% of patients were diagnosed with gingivitis, 52% of patients were diagnosed with periodontitis and 16% of patients were diagnosed with reduced periodontium with gingivitis. No significant difference was found among periodontal disease groups in terms of total OHIP-14 scores. Conclusion: As a result of this study, smokers were aware of the effects of smoking on oral health as well as non-smokers and ex-smokers. It is important that dental professionals should inform their patients about the oral effects of smoking and encourage smoking cessation.

Keywords: Periodontitis; smoking; awareness; quality of life
ÖZET
 Amaç: Periodontal hastalık, bulgu ve semptomları yaşam kalitesini olumsuz etkileyebilir. Ek olarak sigara, oral ve periodontal hastalıklar için önemli bir risk faktörüdür. Bu nedenle bu çalışmanın amacı, hastaların sigara içmenin ağız sağlığı üzerindeki etkileri hakkındaki farkındalığını değerlendirmek ve periodontal hastalığın ağız sağlığı ile ilişkili yaşam kalitesine etkisini araştırmaktır. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Yüz kırk katılımcıya, 2017 periodontal ve peri-implant hastalıklar ve durumların sınıflandırılmasına göre teşhis konuldu. Hastaların, sigaranın etkileri hakkındaki farkındalıklarını analiz etmek için bir anket kullanıldı ve ağız sağlığı ile ilişkili yaşam kalitesi Oral Sağlık Etki Profili-14 ölçeği ile değerlendirildi. Kategorik değişkenler arasındaki ilişkiyi değerlendirmek için istatistiksel testler yapıldı ve Oral Sağlık Etki Profili-14 ölçeği skorunun risk faktörlerini değerlendirmek için ordinal lojistik regresyon uygulandı. Bulgular: Çalışmaya dâhil edilen hastalar, sigara ile periodontal ve implant tedavileri başarısızlığı arasındaki ilişki bakımından düşük düzeyde farkındalığa sahipti. Sigaranın tat değişikliği üzerine etkisinin farkındalığı bakımından; sigara içen, hiç içmemiş ve eski içiciler arasında anlamlı fark vardı. Çalışma grubunda, hastaların %32'sine gingivitis, %52'sine periodontitis, %16'sına azalmış periodonsiyumda gingivitis teşhisi konmuştur. Periodontal hastalık grupları arasında total Oral Sağlık Etki Profili-14 ölçeği puanları bakımından anlamlı farklılık bulunmadı. Sonuç: Çalışmanın sonuçlarına göre sigara kullananlar, hiç kullanmamış ve eski içiciler kadar sigaranın oral sağlığa etkileri ile ilgili farkındalığa sahiptirler. Bununla birlikte diş hekimlerinin, hastalarını sigaranın oral etkileri ile ilgili bilgilendirmesi ve sigara bırakma konusunda cesaretlendirmesi önemlidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Periodontit; sigara içme; farkındalık; yaşam kalitesi
REFERENCES:
  1. World Health Organization. WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2017: Monitoring Tobacco Use and Prevention Policies. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2017. [Link] 
  2. Winn DM. Tobacco Use and Oral Disease. J Dent Educ. 2001;65(4):306-312. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  3. Dietrich T, Stosch U, Dietrich D, Schamberger D, Bernimoulin JP, Joshipura K. The accuracy of individual self-reported items to determine periodontal disease history. Eur J Oral Sci. 2005;113(2):135-140. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  4. Kato T, Abrahamsson I, Wide U, Hakeberg M. Periodontal disease among older people and its impact on oral health-related quality of life. Gerodontology. 2018;35(4):382-90. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  5. Nunn ME. Understanding the etiology of periodontitis: an overview of periodontal risk factors. Periodontol 2000. 2003;32:11-23. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  6. Bergstrom J. Smoking rate and periodontal disease prevalence: 40-year trends in Sweden 1970-2010. J Clin Periodontol. 2014;41(10):952-7. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  7. Van der Velden U, Varoufaki A, Hutter JW, Xu L, Timmerman MF, Van Winkelhoff AJ, et al. Effect of smoking and periodontal treatment on the subgingival microflora. J Clin Periodontol. 2003;30(7):603-10. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  8. Quinn SM, Zhang JB, Gunsolley JC, Schenkein JG, Schenkein HA, Tew JG. Influence of smoking and race on immunoglobulin G subclass concentrations in early-onset periodontitis patients. Infect Immun. 1996;64(7):2500-5. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  9. Tangada SD, Califano JV, Nakashima K, Quinn SM, Zhang JB, Gunsolley JC, et al. The effect of smoking on serum IgG2 reactive with Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in early-onset periodontitis patients. J Periodontol. 1997;68(9):842-50. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  10. Susin C, Oppermann RV, Haugejorden O, Albandar JM. Periodontal attachment loss attributable to cigarette smoking in an urban Brazilian population. J Clin Periodontol. 2004;31(11):951-8. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  11. Jansson L, Lavstedt S. Influence of smoking on marginal bone loss and tooth loss--a prospective study over 20 years. J Clin Periodontol. 2002;29(8):750-6. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  12. Wan CP, Leung WK, Wong MC, Wong RM, Wan P, Lo EC, et al. Effects of smoking on healing response to non-surgical periodontal therapy: a multilevel modelling analysis. J Clin Periodontol. 2009 ;36(3):229-39. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  13. Labriola A, Needleman I, Moles DR. Systematic review of the effect of smoking on nonsurgical periodontal therapy. Periodontol 2000. 2005;37:124-37. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  14. Humphris GM, Field EA. An oral cancer information leaflet for smokers in primary care: results from two randomised controlled trials. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2004;32(2):143-9. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  15. Hedin CA, Pindborg JJ, Axéll T. Disappearance of smoker's melanosis after reducing smoking. J Oral Pathol Med. 1993;22(5):228-30. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  16. Terrades M, Coulter WA, Clarke H, Mullally BH, Stevenson M. Patients' knowledge and views about the effects of smoking on their mouths and the involvement of their dentists in smoking cessation activities. Br Dent J. 2009;207(11):E22; discussion 542-3. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  17. Lung ZH, Kelleher MG, Porter RW, Gonzalez J, Lung RF. Poor patient awareness of the relationship between smoking and periodontal diseases. Br Dent J. 2005;199(11):731-7; discussion 725. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  18. Mumcu G, Inanc N, Ergun T, Ikiz K, Gunes M, Islek U, et al. Oral health related quality of life is affected by disease activity in Behçet's disease. Oral Dis. 2006;12(2):145-51. Erratum in: Oral Dis. 2006;12(3):356. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  19. Slade GD. Derivation and validation of a short-form oral health impact profile. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1997;25(4):284-90. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  20. Silness J, Löe H. Periodontal disease in pregnancy II. Correlation between oral hygiene and periodontal condition. Acta Odontol Scand. 1964;22(1):121-135. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  21. Lang NP, Joss A, Orsanic T, Gusberti FA, Siegrist BE. Bleeding on probing. A predictor for the progression of periodontal disease? J Clin Periodontol. 1986;13(6):590-6. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  22. Caton JG, Armitage G, Berglundh T, Chapple ILC, Jepsen S, Kornman KS, et al A new classification scheme for periodontal and peri-implant diseases and conditions - Introduction and key changes from the 1999 classification. J Clin Periodontol. 2018;45 Suppl 20:S1-S8. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  23. Doğan B, Akalın AA, İlhan B, Oğuz A. Kronik hastalığı olmadan hastaneye kontrol amaçlı başvuranlarda sigara kullanım oranları [Smoking rates in people who admitted to hospital for control without having chronic illness]. Heal Sci. 2014;2(1):1-6.
  24. Mody RR, Smith MJ. Smoking status and health-related quality of life: as findings from the 2001 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data. Am J Health Promot. 2006;20(4):251-8. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  25. Ferreira MC, Dias-Pereira AC, Branco-de-Almeida LS, Martins CC, Paiva SM. Impact of periodontal disease on quality of life: a systematic review. J Periodontal Res. 2017;52(4):651-65. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  26. Karaaslan F, Dikilitaş A. The association between stage-grade of periodontitis and sleep quality and oral health-related quality of life. J Periodontol. 2019;90(10):1133-1141. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  27. Meusel DR, Ramacciato JC, Motta RH, Brito Júnior RB, Flório FM. Impact of the severity of chronic periodontal disease on quality of life. J Oral Sci. 2015;57(2):87-94. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  28. Leite FRM, Nascimento GG, Scheutz F, López R. Effect of Smoking on Periodontitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-regression. Am J Prev Med. 2018;54(6):831-41. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  29. César Neto JB, Rosa EF, Pannuti CM, Romito GA. Smoking and periodontal tissues: a review. Braz Oral Res. 2012;26 Suppl 1:25-31. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  30. Johnson NW, Bain CA. Tobacco and oral disease. EU-Working Group on Tobacco and Oral Health. Br Dent J. 2000;189(4):200-6. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  31. Sadikin, A. S., Mansor H, Saub R, Vaithlingam RD. Awareness and Knowledge of Smoking and Periodontitis Among Dental Patients. Ann Dent. 2015;22(2):14-21. [Crossref] 
  32. Chaffee BW, Couch ET, Ryder MI. The tobacco-using periodontal patient: role of the dental practitioner in tobacco cessation and periodontal disease management. Periodontol 2000. 2016;71(1):52-64. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 

.: Up To Date

.: Process List

Login

 Forgot your password?

 New Registration  

Contact

Ortadoğu Reklam Tanıtım Yayıncılık Turizm Eğitim İnşaat Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş.

.: Address

Turkocagi Caddesi No:30 06520 Balgat / ANKARA
Phone: +90 312 286 56 56
Fax: +90 312 220 04 70
E-mail: info@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Manuscript Editing Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 2
E-mail: yaziisleri@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: English Language Redaction

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 145
E-mail: tkyayindestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Marketing Sales-Project Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 142
E-mail: reklam@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Subscription and Public Relations Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: abone@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Customer Services

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: satisdestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

1. TERMS OF USE

1.1. To use the web pages with http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name or the websites reached through the sub domain names attached to the domain name (They will be collectively referred as "SITE"), please read the conditions below. If you do not accept these terms, please cease to use the "SITE." "SITE" owner reserves the right to change the information on the website, forms, contents, the "SITE," "SITE" terms of use anytime they want.

1.2. The owner of the "SITE" is Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. (From now on it is going to be referred as "Turkiye Klinikleri", shortly) and it resides at Turkocagi cad. No:30, 06520 Balgat Ankara. The services in the "SITE" are provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.3. Anyone accessing the "SITE" with or without a fee whether they are a natural person or a legal identity is considered to agree these terms of use. In this contract hereby, "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the stated terms anytime. These changes will be published in the "SITE" periodically and they will be valid when they are published. Any natural person or legal identity benefiting from and reaching to the "SITE" are considered to be agreed to any change on hereby contract terms done by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.4. The "Terms of Use" hereby is published in the website with the last change on March 30th 2014 and the "SITE" is activated by enabling the access to everyone. The "Terms of Use" hereby is also a part of the any "USER Contract" was and/or will be done with the users using "Turkiye Klinikleri" services with or without a fee an inseparable.

2. DEFINITIONS

2.1. "SITE": A website offering different kind of services and context with a certain frame determined by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and it is accessible on-line on http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name and/or subdomains connected to the domain name.

2.2. USER: A natural person or a legal identity accessing to the "SITE" through online settings.

2.3. LINK: A link enabling to access to another website through the "SITE", the files, the context or through another website to the "SITE", the files and the context.

2.4. CONTEXT: Any visual, literary and auditory images published in the "Turkiye Klinikleri", "SITE" and/or any website or any accessible information, file, picture, number/figures, price, etc.

2.5. "USER CONTRACT": An electronically signed contract between a natural or a legal identity benefiting from special services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide and "Turkiye Klinikleri".

3. SCOPE OF THE SERVICES

3.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine the scope and quality of the services via the "SITE".

3.2. To benefit the services of "Turkiye Klinikleri" "SITE", the "USER" must deliver the features that will be specified by "Turkiye Klinikleri". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change this necessity any time single-sided.

3.3. Not for a limited number, the services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide through the "SITE" for a certain price or for free are;

- Providing scientific articles, books and informative publications for health industry.

- Providing structural, statistical and editorial support to article preparation stage for scientific journals.

4. GENERAL PROVISIONS

4.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine which of the services and contents provided in the "SITE" will be charged.

4.2. People benefiting from the services provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and using the website can use the "SITE" only according to the law and only for personal reasons. Users have the criminal and civil liability for every process and action they take in the "SITE". Every USER agrees, declares and undertakes that they will not proceed by any function or action infringement of rights of "Turkiye Klinikleri"s and/or other third parties', they are the exclusive right holder on usage, processing, storage, made public and revealing any written, visual or auditory information reported to Turkiye Klinikleri" and/or "SITE" to the third parties. "USER" agrees and undertakes that s/he will not duplicate, copy, distribute, process, the pictures, text, visual and auditory images, video clips, files, databases, catalogs and lists within the "SITE", s/he will not be using these actions or with other ways to compete with "Turkiye Klinikleri", directly or indirectly.

4.3. The services provided and the context published within the "SITE" by third parties is not under the responsibility of "Turkiye Klinikleri", institutions collaborated with "Turkiye Klinikleri", "Turkiye Klinikleri" employee and directors, "Turkiye Klinikleri" authorized salespeople. Commitment to accuracy and legality of the published information, context, visual and auditory images provided by any third party are under the full responsibility of the third party. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not promise and guarantee the safety, accuracy and legality of the services and context provided by a third party.

4.4. "USER"s cannot act against "Turkiye Klinikleri", other "USER"s and third parties by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" has no direct and/or indirect responsibility for any damage a third party suffered or will suffer regarding "USER"s actions on the "SITE" against the rules of the hereby "Terms of Use" and the law.

4.5. "USER"s accept and undertake that the information and context they provided to the "SITE" are accurate and legal. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is not liable and responsible for promising and guaranteeing the verification of the information and context transmitted to "Turkiye Klinikleri" by the "USER"s, or uploaded, changed and provided through the "SITE" by them and whether these information are safe, accurate and legal.

4.6. "USER"s agree and undertake that they will not perform any action leading to unfair competition, weakening the personal and commercial credit of "Turkiye Klinikleri" and a third party,  encroaching and attacking on personal rights within the "SITE" in accordance with the Turkish Commercial Code Law.

4.7. "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the right to change the services and the context within the "SITE"  anytime. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use this right without any notification and timelessly. "USER"s have to make the changes and/or corrections "Turkiye Klinikleri" required immediately. Any changes and/or corrections that are required by "Turkiye Klinikleri", may be made by "Turkiye Klinikleri" when needed. Any harm, criminal and civil liability resulted or will result from changes and/or corrections required by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and were not made on time by the "USER"s belongs completely to the users.

4.8. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may give links through the "SITE" to other websites and/or "CONTEXT"s and/or folders that are outside of their control and owned and run by third parties. These links are provided for ease of reference only and do not hold qualification for support the respective web SITE or the admin or declaration or guarantee for the information inside. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not hold any responsibility over the web-sites connected through the links on the "SITE", folders and context, the services or products on the websites provided through these links or their context.

4.9. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use the information provided to them by the "USERS" through the "SITE" in line with the terms of the "PRIVACY POLICY" and "USER CONTRACT". It may process the information or classify and save them on a database. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may also use the USER's or visitor's identity, address, e-mail address, phone number, IP number, which sections of the "SITE" they visited, domain type, browser type, date and time information to provide statistical evaluation and customized services.

5. PROPRIETARY RIGHTS

5.1. The information accessed through this "SITE" or provided by the users legally and all the elements (including but not limited to design, text, image, html code and other codes) of the "SITE" (all of them will be called as studies tied to "Turkiye Klinikleri"s copyrights) belongs to "Turkiye Klinikleri". Users do not have the right to resell, process, share, distribute, display or give someone permission to access or to use the "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information and the products under copyright protection by "Turkiye Klinikleri". Within hereby "Terms of Use" unless explicitly permitted by "Turkiye Klinikleri" nobody can reproduce, process, distribute or produce or prepare any study from those under "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyright protection.

5.2. Within hereby "Terms of Use", "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the rights for "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information, the products associated with "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyrights, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trademarks, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trade looks or its all rights for other entity and information it has through this website unless it is explicitly authorized by "Turkiye Klinikleri".

6. CHANGES IN THE TERMS OF USE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" in its sole discretion may change the hereby "Terms of Use" anytime announcing within the "SITE". The changed terms of the hereby "Terms of Use" will become valid when they are announced. Hereby "Terms of Use" cannot be changed by unilateral declarations of users.

7. FORCE MAJEURE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" is not responsible for executing late or never of this hereby "Terms of Use", privacy policy and "USER Contract" in any situation legally taken into account as force majeure. Being late or failure of performance or non-defaulting of this and similar cases like this will not be the case from the viewpoint of "Turkiye Klinikleri", and "Turkiye Klinikleri" will not have any damage liability for these situations. "Force majeure" term will be regarded as outside of the concerned party's reasonable control and any situation that "Turkiye Klinikleri" cannot prevent even though it shows due diligence. Also, force majeure situations include but not limited to natural disasters, rebellion, war, strike, communication problems, infrastructure and internet failure, power cut and bad weather conditions.

8. LAW AND AUTHORISATION TO FOLLOW

Turkish Law will be applied in practicing, interpreting the hereby "Terms of Use" and managing the emerging legal relationships within this "Terms of Use" in case of finding element of foreignness, except for the rules of Turkish conflict of laws. Ankara Courts and Enforcement Offices are entitled in any controversy happened or may happen due to hereby contract.

9. CLOSING AND AGREEMENT

Hereby "Terms of Use" come into force when announced in the "SITE" by "Turkiye Klinikleri". The users are regarded to agree to hereby contract terms by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the contract terms and the changes will be come into force by specifying the version number and the date of change on time it is published in the "SITE".

 

30.03.2014

Privacy Policy

We recommend you to read the terms of use below before you visit our website. In case you agree these terms, following our rules will be to your favor. Please read our Terms of Use thoroughly.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com website belongs to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. and is designed in order to inform physicians in the field of health

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot reach to user’s identity, address, service providers or other information. The users may send this information to the website through forms if they would like to. However, www.turkiyeklinikleri.com may collect your hardware and software information. The information consists of your IP address, browser type, operating system, domain name, access time, and related websites. www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot sell the provided user information (your name, e-mail address, home and work address, phone number) to the third parties, publish it publicly, or keep it in the website. Gathered information has a directing feature to be a source for the website’s visitor profile, reporting and promotion of the services.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com uses the taken information:

-To enhance, improve and maintain the quality of the website

-To generate visitor’s profile and statistical data

-To determine the tendency of the visitors on using our website

-To send print publications/correspondences

-To send press releases or notifications through e-mail

-To generate a list for an event or competition

By using www.turkiyeklinikleri.com you are considered to agree that;

-Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. cannot be hold responsible for any user’s illegal and immoral behavior,

-Terms of use may change from time to time,

-It is not responsible for other websites’ contents it cannot control or the harms they may cause although it uses the connection they provided.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. may block the website to users in the following events:

-Information with wrong, incomplete, deceiving or immoral expressions is recorded to the website,

-Proclamation, advertisement, announcement, libelous expressions are used against natural person or legal identity,

-During various attacks to the website,

-Disruption of the website because of a virus.

Written, visual and audible materials of the website, including the code and the software are under protection by legal legislation.

Without the written consent of Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. the information on the website cannot be downloaded, changed, reproduced, copied, republished, posted or distributed.

All rights of the software and the design of the website belong to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. will be pleased to hear your comments about our terms of use. Please share the subjects you think may enrich our website or if there is any problem regarding our website.

info@turkiyeklinikleri.com