Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Dermatology

.: ORIGINAL RESEARCH
The Effect of Sociodemographic Variables, Body Image and Self-Esteem on Undergoing Minimally Invasive Cosmetic Procedures in Turkish Women: Cross-Sectional Research
Türk Kadınlarında Sosyodemografik Değişkenler, Vücut İmajı ve Benlik Saygısının Minimal İnvaziv Kozmetik İşlem Yaptırma Üzerine Etkisi: Kesitsel Araştırma
Neslihan CANSELa, Emek GÜLDOĞANb, Nihal ALTUNIŞIKc
aDepartment of Psychiatry, İnönü University Faculty of Medicine, Malatya, TURKEY
bDepartment of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, İnönü University Faculty of Medicine, Malatya, TURKEY
cDepartment of Dermatology, İnönü University Faculty of Medicine, Malatya, TURKEY
Turkiye Klinikleri J Dermatol. 2021;31(3):207-16
doi: 10.5336/dermato.2021-84401
Article Language: EN
Full Text
ABSTRACT
Objective: Previous studies conducted in different populations have stated that demographical and psychological factors such as low self-esteem and body image are important motivations to undergo minimally invasive cosmetic procedures. This study investigates these factors that are expected to predict motivation for such procedures in Turkish women. Material and Methods: The study was conducted in August 2020 using an online survey with the virtual snowball method. The participants completed a questionnaire that investi gated their sociodemographic variables, psychiatric disorder history, cos metic procedures, motivation sources; including questions from the Rosenberg Self-Esteem and Body-Cathexis Scale. Results: The data of 1,244 women were included. 62% have had some sort of cosmetic procedure. The most commonly performed was laser procedures (79.5%). The most important source of in formation and motivation was doctors. There was a positive correlation among increasing age, graduating university, having a job, having a high monthly income, and the rate of cos metic procedures. The presence of a psychiatric disease did not decrease this rate. While there was no correlation between body perception, self-esteem scores and the total rates of cosmetic procedures, the self-esteem scores of those who had botulinum toxin injec tion, dermal fillers, and platelet-rich plasma were higher than those who had other procedures. Conclusion: This study provides information about psy chosocial factors that predict interest in minimal cosmetic procedures. Un like previously known predictors, body image and selfesteem were not effective. The results may contribute to a better understanding of the factors that may be motivational for undergoing cosmetic procedures.

Keywords: Cosmetics; self-concept; body image; cosmetic techniques
ÖZET
Amaç: Farklı toplumlarda yapılan önceki çalışmalar demografik özellikler ve düşük benlik saygısı ve vücut imajı gibi psikolojik faktörlerin minimal invaziv kozmetik işlem yaptırmak için önemli motivasyonlar olduklarını göstermiştir. Bu çalışma Türk kadınlarında bu işlemler için motivasyonu öngörmesi beklenen faktörleri araştırmaktadır. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Çalışma, Ağustos 2020 tarihinde kartopu yöntemiyle çevrim içi bir anket kullanılarak yapıldı. Katılımcılar; sosyodemografik değişkenleri, psikiyatrik hastalık öyküsünü, uygulanan kozmetik işlemleri, motivasyon kaynaklarını araştıran; Rosenberg Benlik Saygısı ve Beden Algısı Değerlendirme Ölçeği'ne ait soruları içeren bir anketi doldurdular. Bulgular: Çalışmaya 1.244 kadının verileri dâhil edildi. Katılımcıların %62'si herhangi bir minimal kozmetik işlem yaptırmıştı. En fazla yaptırılan kozmetik işlem lazer uygulamaları idi (%79,5). Kozmetik işlem yaptırmak için en önemli bilgi ve motivasyon kaynağı doktorlardı. Artan yaş, üniversite mezunu olmak, meslek sahibi olmak, aylık gelir düzeyinin yüksek olması ile kozmetik işlem yaptırma oranları arasında pozitif korelasyon vardı. Psikiyatrik hastalık varlığı kozmetik işlem yaptırma oranlarını azaltmadı. Beden algısı ve benlik saygısı puanlarıyla minimal kozmetik işlem yaptırma toplam oranları arasında herhangi bir korelasyon bulunmazken, botulinum toksin enjeksiyonu, dermal dolgu ve trombositten zengin plazma yaptırmış olanların benlik saygısı puanları diğer işlem yaptıranlara nazaran daha yüksekti. Sonuç: Bu çalışma, minimal kozmetik işlemlere ilgiyi öngören psikososyal faktörler hakkında bilgiler sunmaktadır. Önceden bilinen öngörücülerden farklı olarak, beden algısı ve benlik saygısının minimal kozmetik işlem yaptırma üzerinde etkili olmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Sonuçlar, kişileri kozmetik işlem yaptırmaya motive edebilecek faktörlerin daha iyi anlaşılmasına katkıda bulunabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Kozmetik; benlik kavramı; beden imajı; kozmetik teknikler
REFERENCES:
  1. Altıntaş E. Kozmetik tedavi için başvuran hastalarda beden dismorfik bozukluğu [Body dysmorphic disorder in patients presenting for cosmetic treatment]. Archives Medical Review Journal. 2015;24(3):324-38. [Crossref] 
  2. Demirbaş H. İnsanlar neden estetik müdahalelere yönelmektedir? Gerisindeki güdülen me [Why do people desire aesthetic interventions? Motivation behind on]. The Journal of Academic Social Science. 2019; 99(7):81-91. [Crossref] 
  3. Scharschmidt D, Mirastschijski U, Preiss S, Brähler E, Fischer T, Borkenhagen A. Body image, personality traits, and quality of life in botulinum toxin a and dermal filler patients. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2018;42(4):1119-25. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  4. Javo IM, Sørlie T. Psychosocial predictors of an interest in cosmetic surgery among young Norwegian women: a population-based study. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2009;124(6):2142-8. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  5. von Soest T, Kvalem IL, Skolleborg KC, Roald HE. Psychosocial factors predicting the motivation to undergo cosmetic surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006;117(1):51-62; discussion 63-4. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  6. Block AR, Sarwer DB. Presurgical Psychological Screening: Understanding Patients Improving Outcomes. Washington, DC: Ameri can Psychological Association; 2013. [Crossref] 
  7. Kaplan JB. Aesthetic self-esteem. Plast Surg Nurs. 2015;35(1):33-9. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  8. Kağan M, Haspolat NK. Sosyal fobinin yordayıcıları olarak beden imajı ve benlik saygısı [Body image and self-esteem as predictor variables of social-phobia]. Erzincan University Journal of Education Faculty. 2017;19:139-52. [Link] 
  9. Honigman RJ, Phillips KA, Castle DJ. A review of psychosocial outcomes for patients seeking cosmetic surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004;113(4):1229-37. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  10. Rosenberg M. Society and the Adolescent Self-Image. 1st ed. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press; 1965. [Link] 
  11. Saygın Y. Üniversite öğrencilerinin sosyal destek, benlik saygısı ve öznel iyi oluş düzeylerinin incelenmesi [Master's thesis]. Konya: Selçuk University; 2008. [Erişim tarihi: 27.09.2020]. Erişim linki: [Link] 
  12. Deniz ME, Uzun AE. An examination of loneliness and emotional autonomy as the predictor of empathic tendency among adolescents. Elementary Education Online. 2019;18(3): 1007-15. [Link] 
  13. Secord PF, Jourard SM. The appraisal of body-cathexis: body-cathexis and the self. J Consult Psychol. 1953;17(5):343-7. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  14. Dünya Nüfus Günü, 2019 - 05 Temmuz 2019 - TÜİK - Veri Portalı. [Erişim tarihi: 27.09.2020]. Erişim linki [Link] 
  15. Sobanko JF, Taglienti AJ, Wilson AJ, Sarwer DB, Margolis DJ, Dai J, et al. Motivations for seeking minimally invasive cosmetic procedures in an academic outpatient setting. Aesthet Surg J. 2015;35(8):1014-20. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  16. Kim YA, Chae DH, Kim HL. Factors affecting acceptance of cosmetic surgery among undergraduate students. J Korea Contents Assoc. 2017;17(1):455-64. [Crossref] 
  17. von Soest T, Wagner J, Hansen T, Gerstorf D. Self-esteem across the second half of life: The role of socioeconomic status, physical health, social relationships, and personality factors. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2018;114(6):945-58. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  18. Chopan M, Sayadi L, Clark EM, Maguire K. Plastic surgery and social media: examining perceptions. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2019; 143(4):1259-65. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  19. Mazzeo SE, Trace SE, Mitchell KS, Gow RW. Effects of a reality TV cosmetic surgery makeover program on eating disordered attitudes and behaviors. Eat Behav. 2007;8(3): 390-7. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  20. Ehlinger-Martin A, Cohen-Letessier A, Taïeb M, Azoulay E, du Crest D. Women's attitudes to beauty, aging, and the place of cosmetic procedures: insights from the QUEST Observatory. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2016;15(1):89-94. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  21. Sommer B, Zschocke I, Bergfeld D, Sattler G, Augustin M. Satisfaction of patients after treatment with botulinum toxin for dynamic facial lines. Dermatol Surg. 2003;29(5):456-60. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  22. Jung J, Hwang CS. Associations between attitudes toward cosmetic surgery, celebrity worship, and body image among South Korean and US female college students. Fashion and Textiles. 2016;3(1):1-14. [Crossref] 
  23. Sobanko JF, Dai J, Gelfand JM, Sarwer DB, Percec I. Prospective cohort study investigating changes in body image, quality of life, and self-esteem following minimally invasive cosmetic procedures. Dermatol Surg. 2018;44(8): 1121-8. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  24. Dayan SH, Arkins JP, Patel AB, Gal TJ. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled health-outcomes survey of the effect of botulinum toxin type a injections on quality of life and self-esteem. Dermatol Surg. 2010;36 Suppl 4:2088-97. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  25. Magid M, Finzi E, Kruger TH, Robertson HT, Keeling BH, Jung S, et al. Treating depression with botulinum toxin: a pooled analysis of randomized controlled trials. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2015;48(6):205-10. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 

.: Up To Date

Login



Contact


Ortadoğu Reklam Tanıtım Yayıncılık Turizm Eğitim İnşaat Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş.

.: Address

Turkocagi Caddesi No:30 06520 Balgat / ANKARA
Phone: +90 312 286 56 56
Fax: +90 312 220 04 70
E-mail: info@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Manuscript Editing Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 2
E-mail: yaziisleri@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: English Language Redaction

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 145
E-mail: tkyayindestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Marketing Sales-Project Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 142
E-mail: reklam@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Subscription and Public Relations Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: abone@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Customer Services

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: satisdestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

1. TERMS OF USE

1.1. To use the web pages with http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name or the websites reached through the sub domain names attached to the domain name (They will be collectively referred as "SITE"), please read the conditions below. If you do not accept these terms, please cease to use the "SITE." "SITE" owner reserves the right to change the information on the website, forms, contents, the "SITE," "SITE" terms of use anytime they want.

1.2. The owner of the "SITE" is Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. (From now on it is going to be referred as "Turkiye Klinikleri", shortly) and it resides at Turkocagi cad. No:30, 06520 Balgat Ankara. The services in the "SITE" are provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.3. Anyone accessing the "SITE" with or without a fee whether they are a natural person or a legal identity is considered to agree these terms of use. In this contract hereby, "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the stated terms anytime. These changes will be published in the "SITE" periodically and they will be valid when they are published. Any natural person or legal identity benefiting from and reaching to the "SITE" are considered to be agreed to any change on hereby contract terms done by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.4. The "Terms of Use" hereby is published in the website with the last change on March 30th 2014 and the "SITE" is activated by enabling the access to everyone. The "Terms of Use" hereby is also a part of the any "USER Contract" was and/or will be done with the users using "Turkiye Klinikleri" services with or without a fee an inseparable.

2. DEFINITIONS

2.1. "SITE": A website offering different kind of services and context with a certain frame determined by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and it is accessible on-line on http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name and/or subdomains connected to the domain name.

2.2. USER: A natural person or a legal identity accessing to the "SITE" through online settings.

2.3. LINK: A link enabling to access to another website through the "SITE", the files, the context or through another website to the "SITE", the files and the context.

2.4. CONTEXT: Any visual, literary and auditory images published in the "Turkiye Klinikleri", "SITE" and/or any website or any accessible information, file, picture, number/figures, price, etc.

2.5. "USER CONTRACT": An electronically signed contract between a natural or a legal identity benefiting from special services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide and "Turkiye Klinikleri".

3. SCOPE OF THE SERVICES

3.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine the scope and quality of the services via the "SITE".

3.2. To benefit the services of "Turkiye Klinikleri" "SITE", the "USER" must deliver the features that will be specified by "Turkiye Klinikleri". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change this necessity any time single-sided.

3.3. Not for a limited number, the services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide through the "SITE" for a certain price or for free are;

- Providing scientific articles, books and informative publications for health industry.

- Providing structural, statistical and editorial support to article preparation stage for scientific journals.

4. GENERAL PROVISIONS

4.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine which of the services and contents provided in the "SITE" will be charged.

4.2. People benefiting from the services provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and using the website can use the "SITE" only according to the law and only for personal reasons. Users have the criminal and civil liability for every process and action they take in the "SITE". Every USER agrees, declares and undertakes that they will not proceed by any function or action infringement of rights of "Turkiye Klinikleri"s and/or other third parties', they are the exclusive right holder on usage, processing, storage, made public and revealing any written, visual or auditory information reported to Turkiye Klinikleri" and/or "SITE" to the third parties. "USER" agrees and undertakes that s/he will not duplicate, copy, distribute, process, the pictures, text, visual and auditory images, video clips, files, databases, catalogs and lists within the "SITE", s/he will not be using these actions or with other ways to compete with "Turkiye Klinikleri", directly or indirectly.

4.3. The services provided and the context published within the "SITE" by third parties is not under the responsibility of "Turkiye Klinikleri", institutions collaborated with "Turkiye Klinikleri", "Turkiye Klinikleri" employee and directors, "Turkiye Klinikleri" authorized salespeople. Commitment to accuracy and legality of the published information, context, visual and auditory images provided by any third party are under the full responsibility of the third party. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not promise and guarantee the safety, accuracy and legality of the services and context provided by a third party.

4.4. "USER"s cannot act against "Turkiye Klinikleri", other "USER"s and third parties by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" has no direct and/or indirect responsibility for any damage a third party suffered or will suffer regarding "USER"s actions on the "SITE" against the rules of the hereby "Terms of Use" and the law.

4.5. "USER"s accept and undertake that the information and context they provided to the "SITE" are accurate and legal. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is not liable and responsible for promising and guaranteeing the verification of the information and context transmitted to "Turkiye Klinikleri" by the "USER"s, or uploaded, changed and provided through the "SITE" by them and whether these information are safe, accurate and legal.

4.6. "USER"s agree and undertake that they will not perform any action leading to unfair competition, weakening the personal and commercial credit of "Turkiye Klinikleri" and a third party,  encroaching and attacking on personal rights within the "SITE" in accordance with the Turkish Commercial Code Law.

4.7. "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the right to change the services and the context within the "SITE"  anytime. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use this right without any notification and timelessly. "USER"s have to make the changes and/or corrections "Turkiye Klinikleri" required immediately. Any changes and/or corrections that are required by "Turkiye Klinikleri", may be made by "Turkiye Klinikleri" when needed. Any harm, criminal and civil liability resulted or will result from changes and/or corrections required by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and were not made on time by the "USER"s belongs completely to the users.

4.8. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may give links through the "SITE" to other websites and/or "CONTEXT"s and/or folders that are outside of their control and owned and run by third parties. These links are provided for ease of reference only and do not hold qualification for support the respective web SITE or the admin or declaration or guarantee for the information inside. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not hold any responsibility over the web-sites connected through the links on the "SITE", folders and context, the services or products on the websites provided through these links or their context.

4.9. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use the information provided to them by the "USERS" through the "SITE" in line with the terms of the "PRIVACY POLICY" and "USER CONTRACT". It may process the information or classify and save them on a database. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may also use the USER's or visitor's identity, address, e-mail address, phone number, IP number, which sections of the "SITE" they visited, domain type, browser type, date and time information to provide statistical evaluation and customized services.

5. PROPRIETARY RIGHTS

5.1. The information accessed through this "SITE" or provided by the users legally and all the elements (including but not limited to design, text, image, html code and other codes) of the "SITE" (all of them will be called as studies tied to "Turkiye Klinikleri"s copyrights) belongs to "Turkiye Klinikleri". Users do not have the right to resell, process, share, distribute, display or give someone permission to access or to use the "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information and the products under copyright protection by "Turkiye Klinikleri". Within hereby "Terms of Use" unless explicitly permitted by "Turkiye Klinikleri" nobody can reproduce, process, distribute or produce or prepare any study from those under "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyright protection.

5.2. Within hereby "Terms of Use", "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the rights for "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information, the products associated with "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyrights, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trademarks, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trade looks or its all rights for other entity and information it has through this website unless it is explicitly authorized by "Turkiye Klinikleri".

6. CHANGES IN THE TERMS OF USE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" in its sole discretion may change the hereby "Terms of Use" anytime announcing within the "SITE". The changed terms of the hereby "Terms of Use" will become valid when they are announced. Hereby "Terms of Use" cannot be changed by unilateral declarations of users.

7. FORCE MAJEURE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" is not responsible for executing late or never of this hereby "Terms of Use", privacy policy and "USER Contract" in any situation legally taken into account as force majeure. Being late or failure of performance or non-defaulting of this and similar cases like this will not be the case from the viewpoint of "Turkiye Klinikleri", and "Turkiye Klinikleri" will not have any damage liability for these situations. "Force majeure" term will be regarded as outside of the concerned party's reasonable control and any situation that "Turkiye Klinikleri" cannot prevent even though it shows due diligence. Also, force majeure situations include but not limited to natural disasters, rebellion, war, strike, communication problems, infrastructure and internet failure, power cut and bad weather conditions.

8. LAW AND AUTHORISATION TO FOLLOW

Turkish Law will be applied in practicing, interpreting the hereby "Terms of Use" and managing the emerging legal relationships within this "Terms of Use" in case of finding element of foreignness, except for the rules of Turkish conflict of laws. Ankara Courts and Enforcement Offices are entitled in any controversy happened or may happen due to hereby contract.

9. CLOSING AND AGREEMENT

Hereby "Terms of Use" come into force when announced in the "SITE" by "Turkiye Klinikleri". The users are regarded to agree to hereby contract terms by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the contract terms and the changes will be come into force by specifying the version number and the date of change on time it is published in the "SITE".

 

30.03.2014

Privacy Policy

We recommend you to read the terms of use below before you visit our website. In case you agree these terms, following our rules will be to your favor. Please read our Terms of Use thoroughly.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com website belongs to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. and is designed in order to inform physicians in the field of health

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot reach to user’s identity, address, service providers or other information. The users may send this information to the website through forms if they would like to. However, www.turkiyeklinikleri.com may collect your hardware and software information. The information consists of your IP address, browser type, operating system, domain name, access time, and related websites. www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot sell the provided user information (your name, e-mail address, home and work address, phone number) to the third parties, publish it publicly, or keep it in the website. Gathered information has a directing feature to be a source for the website’s visitor profile, reporting and promotion of the services.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com uses the taken information:

-To enhance, improve and maintain the quality of the website

-To generate visitor’s profile and statistical data

-To determine the tendency of the visitors on using our website

-To send print publications/correspondences

-To send press releases or notifications through e-mail

-To generate a list for an event or competition

By using www.turkiyeklinikleri.com you are considered to agree that;

-Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. cannot be hold responsible for any user’s illegal and immoral behavior,

-Terms of use may change from time to time,

-It is not responsible for other websites’ contents it cannot control or the harms they may cause although it uses the connection they provided.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. may block the website to users in the following events:

-Information with wrong, incomplete, deceiving or immoral expressions is recorded to the website,

-Proclamation, advertisement, announcement, libelous expressions are used against natural person or legal identity,

-During various attacks to the website,

-Disruption of the website because of a virus.

Written, visual and audible materials of the website, including the code and the software are under protection by legal legislation.

Without the written consent of Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. the information on the website cannot be downloaded, changed, reproduced, copied, republished, posted or distributed.

All rights of the software and the design of the website belong to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. will be pleased to hear your comments about our terms of use. Please share the subjects you think may enrich our website or if there is any problem regarding our website.

info@turkiyeklinikleri.com