Thalassemia

Talasemide Gen Tedavisi
Gene Therapy in Thalassemia
Mustafa BİLİCİa, Zeynep KARAKAŞa
aİstanbul Üniversitesi İstanbul Tıp Fakültesi, Çocuk Hematolojisi ve Onkolojisi BD, İstanbul, TÜRKİYE
Bilici M, Karakaş Z. Talasemide gen tedavisi. Antmen AB, editör. Talasemi. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2020. p.87-97.
Article Language: TR
ÖZET
Transfüzyon bağımlı talasemi hastalarında transfüzyon ve şelasyon konusunda birçok gelişme yaşansa da bilinen tek küratif tedavi allojenik kök hücre naklidir. En iyi sonuç tam uyumlu kardeşten yapıldığında alınmakta, diğer nakillerin (parsiyel uyumlu nakil, akraba dışı tam uyumlu donörden nakil, haploidentik nakil) morbidite ve mortalitesi daha yüksek olmaktadır. Hastaların ancak üçte birinden daha azı için HLA tam uyumlu donör bulunabilmektedir. Son iki dekatta talasemide gen tedavisi konusunda umut verici gelişmeler oldu. Fonksiyonel β-globin geni elde etme, ekleme ve gen düzenleme stratejileri üzerine çalışmalar yapıldı. Lentivirüs kullanılarak geliştirilen gen ekleme stratejilerinin başarısı kanıtlandı ve klinik çalışmalarda hastaların çoğunda transfüzyon bağımsızlığı gösterildi. Gen tedavisinin otolog kök hücre nakli ile yapılması, teorik olarak bütün hastalara uygulanabilmesini sağlamakta ve transplant ilişkili risklerin, geç yan etkilerin daha az olması beklentisini doğurmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, insersiyonel mutasyon geliştirme riski açısından uzun dönem çalışma sonuçları beklenmektedir. Bu yazıda, öncelikle globin gen yapısı anlatıldı. Daha sonra lentivirüs aracılığı ile fonksiyonel β-globin geni eklemek için vektör tasarımı, başlatılan klinik çalışmalar ve sonuçları özetlendi. Gen düzenleme stratejileri ise temelde β-globin mutasyonunun düzeltilmesi ve BCL11A üzerinden HbF'nin artırılması yöntemlerini içermektedir. Metinde, bu konunun ve klinik çalışmaların ayrıntılarına değinildi.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Talasemi; genetik tedavi
ABSTRACT
Although there have been many transfusion and chelation developments in transfusiondependent thalassemia patients, the only known curative treatment is allogeneic stem cell transplantation. The best results are obtained when it is done from a matched related donor, can be found for only less than one-third of the patients. It can be performed partially mismatched related donors, related haploidentical and matched unrelated donors, but its morbidity and mortality are higher. There have been promising developments in gene therapy for thalassemia in the last two decades. Studies on functional β-globin gene addition and gene editing strategies were conducted. The success of gene insertion strategies developed using lentivirus has been proven, and most patients have demonstrated transfusion independence in clinical trials. Performing gene therapy with autologous stem cell transplantation enables it to be applied to all patients theoretically. It raises the expectation that transplant-related risks and late side effects will be less. However, long-term study results are awaiting in terms of the risk of developing insertional mutations. In this article, first, the globin gene structure was explained. Next, the vector design for adding the functional β-globin gene with lentiviruses is explained. The clinical trials and their results were summarized. Gene editing strategies mainly include the correction of β-globin mutation and increasing HbF via BCL11A. Details of this issue and clinical trials were also mentioned in the text.

Keywords: Thalassemia; genetic therapy

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