The Importance of Carbohydrates and Fiber In Health, Diseases and Some Special Conditions

Sporcuların Beslenmesinde Karbonhidrat ve Posa Alımının Önemi
The Importance of Carbohydrate and Fiber Intake in Nutrition of Athletes
Serap DEMİR FİLİZa
aİzmir Tınaztepe Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi, Beslenme ve Diyetetik Bölümü, İzmir, Türkiye
Demir Filiz S. Sporcuların beslenmesinde karbonhidrat ve posa alımının önemi. Mercanlıgil SM, editör. Karbonhidratların ve Posanın Sağlıkta, Hastalıklarda ve Bazı Özel Durumlarda Önemi. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2024. p.71-7.
Article Language: TR
ÖZET
Karbonhidratlar, diğer makro besin ögelerinden farklı olarak aerobik/anaerobik olarak metabolize edilebildiği için sporcunun performansının geliştirilmesi/sürdürülmesinde kritik bir öneme sahiptir. Sporcunun günlük karbonhidrat gereksinim miktarı, antrenman yükü, şiddeti ve antrenmanın süresi ile ilişkili iken alınan karbonhidratın türü de sporcu sağlığının sürdürülmesi açısından göz önünde bulundurulmalı, günlük beslenme planı içerisinde düşük/orta düzeyde glisemik indeksi olan kompleks karbonhidratlar (diyet posası bileşenlerini de içeren) seçilmelidir. Diyet posası ise birçok sporcunun günlük beslenme rutinleri içerisinde yetersiz olarak aldığı yaygın olarak bildirilen önemli bir diğer besin bileşenidir. Diyet posası alımındaki artışın sportif performansı artırdığı, fiziksel stresi azalttığı, serum kortizol seviyelerindeki artış ile ilişkili olarak sporcunun sağlığını olumlu yönde desteklediği; özellikle genç, sağlıklı sporcularda bağırsak mikrobiyotasını iyileştirebildiği, dolaylı olarak fiziksel stresle ilişkili bağışıklığı desteklediği bilinmektedir. Literatürde diyet posası günlük alım önerileri ise, sağlıklı sporcular ve sağlıklı yetişkin eşlenikleri için benzerdir. Makro besin bileşenlerinin egzersiz/müsabaka/aktivite öncesi, sırası ve sonrası alımına dikkat çeken, ''zamanlama'' kavramı sporcularda ön plana çıkan başlıklardandır. Sağlıklı sporcular için günlük alınması önerilen total karbonhidrat miktarı vücut ağırlığı (VA) (kg) başına ortalama 5-12 g'dır. ''Müsabaka öncesi'' alınması önerilen miktar; (a) Düşük şiddetli egzersiz (<60 dk/gün) için, 3-5 g/kg VA, (b) Orta şiddetli egzersiz (60 dk/gün) için, 5-7 g/kg VA, (c) Yüksek şiddetli egzersiz (60-180 dk/gün) için, 6-10 g/kg VA ve (d) Çok yüksek şiddetli egzersiz (>180 dk/gün) için, 8-12 g/kg VA olarak özetlenebilir. ''Müsabaka sırası''nda; karbonhidrat alım miktarı saatte 30-90 g gibi geniş bir aralıkta verilirken; ''Müsabaka sonrası''nda ise, 1,0-1,5 g/kg/gün VA aralığında; optimal alım miktarı 1,2 g/kg/gün VA alınması şeklindedir. ''Karbonhidrat yükleme'' protokolleri ise sportif performansın performanslarının artırılmasında kullanılabilir olmasına karşın, bazı araştırma verilerinin sonuçları tutarsızdır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Karbonhidrat; posa; atletik performans; spor beslenmesi
ABSTRACT
Carbohydrates, unlike other macronutrients, are of critical importance in improving/maintaining the athlete's performance because they can be metabolized aerobically/anaerobically. While the amount of daily carbohydrate requirement of the athlete is related to the training load, intensity and duration of training; The type of carbohydrate consumed should also be taken into consideration in terms of maintaining the athlete's health, and complex carbohydrates (also including dietary fiber components) with a low/medium glycemic index should be selected in the daily nutrition plan. Dietary fiber is another important nutritional component that is widely reported to be inadequately consumed by many athletes in their daily nutrition routines. It is known that an increase in dietary fiber intake increases athletic performance, reduces physical stress, and positively supports the athlete's health in relation to an increase in serum cortisol levels; it can improve intestinal microbiota, especially in young, healthy athletes, and indirectly supports immunity associated with physical stress. In literature, dietary fiber daily intake recommendations are similar for healthy athletes and healthy adult counterparts. The concept of ''timing'', which draws attention to the intake of macronutrient components before, during and after exercise/competition/activity, is one of the prominent topics among athletes. The recommended daily amount of total carbohydrates for healthy athletes is 5-12 g per body weight (BW) (kg). Recommended amount to be taken ''before the competition''; (a) For low-intensity exercise (<60 minutes/day), 3-5 g/kg BW, (b) For moderate-intensity exercise (60 minutes/day), 5-7 g/kg BW, (c) For highintensity exercise For exercise (60-180 minutes/day), it can be summarized as 6-10 g/kg BW and (d) For very high intensity exercise (>180 minutes/day), it can be summarized as 8-12 g/kg BW. ''During the competition''; While the amount of carbohydrate intake is given in a wide range of 30-90 grams per hour; In the ''postcompetition'' period, it is in the range of 1.0-1.5 g/kg/day BW; The optimal intake amount is 1.2 g/kg/day BW. Although ''carbohydrate loading'' protocols can be used to increase athletic performance, the results of some research data are inconsistent.

Keywords: Carbohydrate; fiber; athletic performance; sports nutrition

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