Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Health Sciences

.: REVIEW
Ses Lokalizasyonu: Temel Bilgiler: Geleneksel Derleme
Sound Localization: The Basics: Traditional Review
Aysun PARLAK KOCABAYa , Gonca SENNAROĞLUa
aHacettepe Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi, Odyoloji Bölümü, Ankara, Türkiye
Turkiye Klinikleri J Health Sci. 2023;8(3):545-50
doi: 10.5336/healthsci.2023-96730
Article Language: TR
Full Text
ÖZET
 İşitsel sistem; sesin baş ve dış kulak ile etkileşimi sonucunda oluşan uzamsal ipuçlarını kullanarak ses kaynağını lokalize etmektedir. Bu ipuçları, belirli beyin sapı yollarında analiz edilir ve ardından konumların kortikal temsili oluşturulur. Ses kaynağı; sağ/sol boyut ya da horizontal düzlem, aşağı/yukarı boyut ya da vertikal düzlem ve uzak/yakın ya da mesafe boyutu olmak üzere 3 farklı uzaysal boyutta lokalize edilebilmektedir. Kulaklar arası zaman farklılıkları [interaural time differences (ITD)] ve kulaklar arası ses seviyesi farklılıkları [interaural level difference (ILD)], horizontal lokalizasyon için temel ipuçlarını oluşturur. Alçak frekansların lokalizasyonu için ITD bilgileri esas iken, yüksek frekansların lokalizasyonu için ILD bilgileri esastır. Vertikal lokalizasyon ise dış kulağın yöne bağlı filtreleme özelliklerinden elde edilen spektral şekilli ipuçlarına dayanır. Bu ipuçlarının ilk analiz yerleri; ITD için ''medial superior olive'', ILD için ''lateral superior olive'' ve spektral şekilli ipuçları için dorsal koklear çekirdektir. Normal işitmeye sahip dinleyiciler, çoğu dinleme koşulunda sesleri hem horizontal hem de vertikal boyutlarda birkaç derecelik sapma ile lokalize edebilmektedir. Uzak-yakın ya da mesafe boyutundaki lokalizasyon; çevre akustiğine, ses spektrumuna ve sesin şiddetine aşinalık gibi ek faktörlere bağımlı olduğundan horizontal/vertikal düzlemlerdeki lokalizasyondan daha az doğrulukta gerçekleşmektedir. Mesafe boyutundaki lokalizasyon için temel akustik ipuçları; şiddet (yani dinleyicinin kulaklarına ulaşan ses seviyesi), kulaklar arası şiddet seviyesi farkı ve direkt sesin yansıyan sese enerji oranıdır. Bu derlemede; horizontal, vertikal ve mesafe boyutundaki ses lokalizasyonuna ilişkin temel bilgilerin verilerek, alandaki kaynak eksikliğine katkıda bulunmak amaçlanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Ses lokalizasyonu; horizontal lokalizasyon; vertikal lokalizasyon; uzamsal işlemleme; mesafe algısı
ABSTRACT
 The auditory system uses spatial cues produced by the interaction of sound with the head and external ears to determine the locations of sound sources. Those cues are processed in certain brainstem pathways before being integrated into cortical representations of locations. Sound source could be localized in 3 different spatial dimensions: right/left dimension or horizontal plane, front/back dimension or vertical plane and far/near field or distance dimension. Interaural time differences (ITD) and interaural level differences (ILD) are the main cues for horizontal localization. ITD information is essential for localization of low frequencies, while ILD information is essential for localization of high frequencies. Vertical localization rely on spectral shaped cues derived from the directional filtering properties of the external ears. The first analysis sites of these cues are the medial superior olive for ITDs, the lateral superior olive for ILDs, and the dorsal cochlear nucleus for spectral-shaped cues. In most natural listening conditions, normal human listeners can localize sounds within a few degrees of accuracy in both horizontal and vertical dimensions. Localization in the far/near field or distance is much less precise than in the horizontal and vertical dimensions, and the interpretation of the main cues is impacted by additional factors, such as the acoustics of the surroundings and the familiarity with source spectra and levels. Basic acoustic cues for distance-dimensional localization; intensity (i.e., the sound level reaching to listener), the ILD and the energy ratio of direct sound to reflected sound. This review aims to address the lack of source material in the area by providing a fundamental knowledge of horizontal, vertical and distance dimension of sound localization.

Keywords: Soud localization; horizontal localization; vertical localization; spatial processing; distance perception
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