Turkiye Klinikleri General Surgery - Special Topics

Primer Karaciger Tumorleri Tumorleri Ozel Sayisi
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Sayı Editöründen
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Prof. Dr. M. Musa DİRLİKa
aGenel Cerrahi AD, Mersin Üniversitesi Meram Tıp Fakültesi, MERSİN
Article Language: TR
Primer karaciğer tümörleri; benign ve malign olarak iki başlık altında incelenmektedir. Benign karaciğer lezyonları hemangiomlar, adenomlar ve fokal nodüler hiperplazidir.

Hemangiomlar en çok görülen, genellikle asemptomatik iyi huylu tümörlerdir ve cerrahi tedavi ancak büyük tümörlerde rüptür veya bası bulguları bulunan bazı olgularda uygulanır.

Karaciğer adenomları sıklıkla 15-45 yaşları arasındaki kadınlarda görülür. Spontan rüptür, kanama ve malignleşme pontansiyel riskine sahip lezyonlardır. Adenomların malign dejenerasyon riski cinsiyet (erkeklerde daha yüksek), boyut (5 cm'den büyük tümörü bulunan kadınlarda daha yüksek), büyüme hızı (6 ayda çapı %20'den fazla artan olgularda) vemoleküler alt grubuna (beta-katenin aktivasyonu yüksek alt grubunda) bağlıdır.Malign dejenerasyon riski nedeniyle cerrahi tedavi (rezeksiyon) önerilmektedir.

Fokal nodüler hiperplazi daima iyi huylu karaciğer tümörü olarak kabul edilir ve eğer görüntüleme ile kesin teşhis konulursa periyodik takip yeterlidir. Cerrahi tedavi büyük tümörlerde rüptür, kanama ve bası belirtileri varsa önerilir.

En çok görülen karaciğerin primer malign tümörleri hepatoselüler karsinom (HCC) ve kolanjiyoselüler karsinom (CCC) olup, diğer primer malign tümörleri çok daha az görülür. Son 10 yılda kadınlarda primer karaciğer tümörlerinden, özellikle HCC'den, ölüm oranında çok az bir azalma olmasına rağmen, erkeklerdeki ölüm oranında hiçbir değişiklik olmamıştır. En önemli neden primer karaciğer tümörlerinin geç teşhis edilmesidir. Ölüm ile sonuçlanan olguların çoğu (erkeklerin %96'sı, kadınların %97,5'i) 50 yaşından büyüktür. HCC oluşmasında rol oynayan risk faktörleri; herhangi bir nedenle oluşan karaciğer sirozu, viral hepatitler (HBV, HCV, HDV), bazı kimyasallara maruz kalma (alkol, sigara, androjenik anabolizan maddeler), genetik düzensizlikler (alfa-1 antitripsin eksikliği, hemakromatozis) ve kronik karaciğer hastalıklarıdır (primer biliyer siroz).

Karaciğerin fokal lezyonlarını değerlendirmede ilk kullanılan görüntüleme yöntemi genellikle ultrasonografi (US)'dir. Özellikle kronik karaciğer parankim hastalığı ve bu zeminde malign hastalık gelişimini takipte US yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. US ile benign ve malign lezyon ayrımını net olarak yapmak mümkün olmamaktadır.

Bir sonraki görüntüleme yöntemi, radyoloğun deneyimine göre değişmekle birlikte, dinamik bilgisayarlı tomografi (BT) ya da dinamik manyetik rezonans grafi (MRG) olabilir. MRG, kullanılan farklı konvansiyonel sekanslar ve son yıllarda rutin incelemenin vazgeçilmez bir parçası haline gelen difüzyon ağırlıklı görüntüleme ile lezyon saptanmasında, lezyonun iç yapı özelliklerinin ve yağ-kan-nekroz varlığının belirlenmesi yoluyla lezyonun tanımlanmasında daha faydalı olmaktadır. Genel anlamda MRG, BT'den daha fazla tanısal bilgi sağlamaktadır.

Anatomik görüntülemenin yanı sıra, fonksiyonel görüntüleme sağlayan PET-BT inceleme bir diğer görüntüleme seçeneğidir.

Karaciğerin primer tümörlerinde uygulanacak tedavi yöntemlerinin belirlenmesinde; hastanın genel durumu, karaciğerin fonksiyonel durumu (sirotik olup olmaması), tümörün kaynaklandığı hücre grubunun yanı sıra; tümörün benign veyamalign oluşu, karaciğerdeki yaygınlığı, vücuttaki yayılımı (evresi) ve tedavinin amacı (palyatif veya küratif) gibi birçok faktör etkili olmaktadır. Farklı tümör türlerine farklı tedavi yaklaşımları uygulanmaktadır. Rezeksiyon, enükleasyon ve transplantasyon küratif olan cerrahi tedavinin temelini oluşturmaktadır; seçilmiş uygun hastalarda birleşik tedaviler de kullanılmaktadır.

Görüntüleme eşliğinde karaciğere yönelik olarak girişimsel radyolojik yöntemlerle yapılan tümör tedavileri teknolojiyle birlikte gelişmekte ve değişmektedir. Genellikle farklı nedenlerle cerrahi yapılamayan hastalarda uygulanan bu yöntemler, doğru endikasyonlarla uygulandığında hastanın prognozuna olumlu katkılar sağlamakta olup minimal invaziv olmaları en önemli avantajlarından birisidir.

Cerrahi rezeksiyon ve karaciğer transplantasyonu başlıca küratif tedavi seçenekleri olmakla birlikte, tanı anında hastaların%10'undan azı bu tedaviler için uygun bulunmaktadır. Sıklıklamultiple kitlelerin varlığı ve altta yatan karaciğer hastalığına bağlı karaciğer rezervinin yeterli olmaması nedeniyle hastalar küratif rezeksiyona uygun olmamaktadır. Cerrahiye uygun olmayan hastalarda lokal ablatif tedaviler olarak transarteriyel kemoembolizasyon (TAKE), transarteriyel radyoembolizasyon, perkütan alkol enjeksiyonu, radyofrekans ablasyon, mikrodalga ablasyon ve radyoterapi uygulanmaktadır. Lokal ablatif tedavilere uygun olmayan veya bu tedaviler sonrası progresyon gelişen hastalarda ise sistemik tedaviler uygulanmaktadır. HCC'de uygulanan sistemik tedaviler sistemik kemoterapi, hormonal tedavi (tamoksifen ve megestrol asetat), hedefe yönelik tedavi (Sorafenib ve diğerleri) ve immünoterapidir.

Türkiye Klinikleri Genel Cerrahi-Özel Dergisinin bu sayısında "Primer Karaciğer Tümörleri" konusunun sistematik olarak ayrı başlıklar altında ele alındığı, her biri ayrı özelliklere sahip lezyonların ve bunlara gerek teşhis ve gerekse tedavi yönünden yaklaşımların irdelendiği bir derleme düzenledik. Bize bu olanağı sağlayan Türkiye Klinikleri'ne, bu sayının hazırlanmasına katkı veren çok değerli akademisyenlerimize ve emeği geçen herkese minnet ve şükranlarımı sunarım. Yapılan çalışmanın konu ile ilgilenen meslektaşlarımıza katkı sağlaması dileklerimle...

Prof. Dr. M. Musa DİRLİK
Sayı Editörü
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