Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Health Sciences

.: ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Sağlık İnanç Modeli Bağlamında Yeni Koronavirüs Hastalığına (COVID-19) Yönelik Tutumların Değerlendirilmesi: Tanımlayıcı Bir Araştırma
Evaluation of Attitudes Towards Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) in the Context of Health Belief Model: A Descriptive Research
Ayşenur AKTAŞa
aAcıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi, Psikoloji Bölümü, Klinik Psikoloji ABD, İstanbul, Türkiye
Turkiye Klinikleri J Health Sci. 2022;7(3):899-908
doi: 10.5336/healthsci.2021-86341
Article Language: TR
Full Text
ÖZET
 Amaç: Yeni koronavirüs hastalığı 2019 [coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)] karşısında, aşı bulunana kadar tek koruyucu-önleyici mekanizma maske, mesafe ve hijyen gibi sağlık davranışları olmuştur. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, bireylerin bu koruyucu davranışlara karşı tutumlarını Sağlık İnanç Modeli (SİM) yapıları bağlamında incelemektir. Pandeminin başında ve vaka sayılarının en yüksek düzeye ulaştığı 2. dalga sonrasında, katılımcıların COVID-19 karşısındaki koruyucu davranışlara yönelik tutumları ve sosyodemografik bilgileri SİM yapıları bağlamında ele alınmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Çalışmanın ilk aşamasında, 15-58 yaş aralığındaki 191 katılımcıya COVID-19 İle İlgili Sağlık İnanç Ölçeği, 2. aşamasında ise 17-59 yaş aralığında 91 katılımcıya COVID-19 İle İlgili Sağlık İnanç Ölçeği ile birlikte COVID-19 Korkusu Ölçeği 'online' platformda uygulanmıştır. Bulgular: Yapılan istatistiksel analizler, 1 ve 2. grup arasında algılanan duyarlılık, algılanan ciddiyet ve algılanan engel puanlarının farklılaştığını göstermiştir. Pandeminin ilk dönemine kıyasla 2. dalga sonrasında uygulama yapılan katılımcıların COVID19'un sonuçlarına yönelik algıladıkları ciddiyet daha yüksekken, pandeminin ilk dönemindeki katılımcıların hastalığa yönelik duyarlılıkları ve tedbir davranışlarına yönelik engel algılarının daha yüksek olduğu bulunmuştur. Bununla birlikte, 1. gruptaki katılımcıların tedbir alma düzeyleri ile SİM yapılarının ilişkili olduğu, 2. gruptaki katılımcıların da COVID-19 korkusu, kronik hastalığa sahip olma ve COVID19 tanısı almış olma durumları ile SİM yapılarının ilişkili olduğu görülmüştür. Aynı zamanda, 2. grupta kadın katılımcıların COVID19'a yönelik sağlık davranışlarını erkek katılımcılara göre daha faydalı algıladıkları bulgulanmıştır. Sonuç: Pandemi başında bireylerin hastalanma ihtimaline dair algıları daha yüksek, hastalığa karşı yapılabilecek sağlık davranışlarının önündeki engellerin de daha fazla algılandığı, zamanla hastalığın sonuçlarına ve yan etkilerine yönelik algılanan ciddiyetin de arttığı bulgulanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: COVID-19; Sağlık İnanç Modeli; COVID-19 korkusu; sağlık davranışı
ABSTRACT
 Objective: Against the new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the only preventive mechanism has been health behaviors such as mask, distance, and hygiene until a vaccine was found. The most basic purpose of this study is to examine individuals' attitudes towards these behaviors in the context of Health Belief Model (HBM) structures. The attitudes of the participants towards preventive behaviors against COVID-19 and the demographic information of the participants were discussed in the context of HBM, at the beginning of the pandemic and after these condperiod. Material and Methods: In the first stage, 191 participants in the 15-58 age range received the COVID19 Related Health Belief Scale, and in second stage, 91 participants which were between 17-59 age group received the demographic form and the COVID-19-Related Health Belief Scale, the Fear of COVID19 Scale. Results: Statistical analyzes showed that the perceived susceptibility, perceived severity and perceived barriers scores differed between the first and 2nd groups. Participants who applied after the 2nd wave perceived the severity of the consequences of COVID-19 higher, while the susceptibility of the participants in the first period of the pandemic to the disease and their perception of barriers to precautionary behaviors were found to be higher. It was seen that the level of taking precautions of the participants in the first group and their HBM structures were related, and the fear of COVID-19, having a chronic disease and being diagnosed with COVID-19 and the HBM structures of the participants in the 2nd group were also related. The perceived benefit of female participants in the 2nd group for their health behaviors towards COVID-19 was found to be higher than male participants. Conclusion: It has been found that at the beginning of the pandemic, individuals have a higher perception of the possibility of getting sick, the barriers to health behaviors that can be done against the disease are perceived more, and the perceived severity of the consequences and side effects of the disease increases over time.

Keywords: COVID-19; Health Belief Model; fear of COVID-19; health behaviour
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