Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Pediatrics

.: ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Relationship Between Screen Time with Posture and Motor Coordination in Childhood: A Descriptive Study
Çocukluk Döneminde Ekran Süresinin Postür ve Motor Koordinasyon ile İlişkisi: Tanımlayıcı Bir Çalışma
Nihal PEKPAKa , Turgay ALTUNALANb
aÜsküdar University Faculty of Health Science, Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, İstanbul, Türkiye
bKaradeniz Technical University Faculty of Health Science, Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Trabzon, Türkiye
Turkiye Klinikleri J Pediatr. 2024;33(2):41-7
doi: 10.5336/pediatr.2024-101303
Article Language: EN
Full Text
ABSTRACT
 Objective: The use of technology is increasing, and its impact on health is gaining importance. This study aimed to examine the use of technology in school-age children and investigate the relationship between posture and motor skills. Material and Methods: The cross-sectional and correlational research model sample comprised 116 typically developing children aged 6-14 years. The study employed the socio-demographic information form, New York Posture Rating Chart (NYPR), and Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire. Median, quartiles, and Spearman correlation analyses were used as the data did not follow a normal distribution. Results: The study included 116 children, with a mean age of 10.66±2.73 years (range: 6-14 years), of whom 66 (56.9%) were boys and 50 (43.1%) were girls. Children commonly own televisions, smartphones, or tablets. The median daily usage time for these devices was 100 min for televisions and tablets and 60 min for smartphones. The median total daily screen usage time was 300 min. The study found a moderate negative correlation (p<0.001, r=-482) between total daily screen usage time and posture score, as well as a weak negative correlation (p=0.020, r=-215) with motor coordination. Conclusion: The use of screen-based technological devices in childhood is increasing. The children's posture and motor coordination scores worsened with increasing daily screen exposure. Approaches that reduce childhood screen time and improve physical activity may protect postural and motor coordination.

Keywords: Posture; motor activity; screen time; schools
ÖZET
 Amaç: Teknoloji kullanım yaşı giderek düşmektedir ve sağlık üzerine etkisinin önemi artmaktadır. Çalışmanın amacı, okul çağındaki çocuklarda teknoloji kullanımını incelemek, duruş ve motor koordinasyon arasındaki ilişkiyi araştırmaktır. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Kesitsel ve ilişki arama modeliyle yürütülen bu çalışmanın örneklemini 6-14 yaş arasında tipik gelişim gösteren 116 çocuk oluşturmaktadır. Veri toplama araçları olarak sosyodemografik bilgi formu, New York Postür Skalası ve Gelişimsel Koordinasyon Bozukluğu Anketi kullanıldı. Veriler normal dağılıma uygun olmadığı için analizlerde medyan, çeyreklikler ve Spearman korelasyon analizi kullanıldı. Bulgular: Çalışmaya dâhil edilen çocukların yaş ortalaması 10,66±2,73 (6-14 yaş arasında) ve 66'sı (%56,9) erkek, 50'si (%43,1) kızdır. Çocuklar en sık televizyon, akıllı telefon ve tablete sahiptir. Bu cihazların günlük ortanca kullanım süresi televizyon ve tablet için 100 dk, akıllı telefon için ise 60 dk'dır. Günlük toplam ekran kullanım süresinin ortanca değeri 300 dk'dır. Çalışmada günlük toplam ekran kullanım süresi ile postür skoru arasında orta düzeyde negatif bir korelasyonun (p<0,001, r=-482) yanı sıra motor koordinasyon ile zayıf bir negatif korelasyon (p=0,020 r=-215) bulundu. Sonuç: Çocukluk çağında ekran temelli teknolojik cihaz kullanım süreleri gittikçe artmaktadır. Günlük ekran maruziyeti arttıkça çocukların postür skorları ve motor koordinasyon becerileri kötüleşmektedir. Çocukluk çağı ekran kullanımını azaltıcı ve fiziksel aktiviteyi artırıcı yaklaşımların postür ve motor koordinasyon açısından koruyucu olabileceği düşünülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Postür; motor aktivite; ekran süresi; okullar
REFERENCES:
  1. Staiano AE, Calvert SL. Exergames for physical education courses: physical, social, and cognitive benefits. Child Dev Perspect. 2011;5(2):93-8. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  2. Hancox RJ, Milne BJ, Poulton R. Association between child and adolescent television viewing and adult health: a longitudinal birth cohort study. Lancet. 2004;364(9430):257-62. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  3. Virgara R, Lewis L, Phillips A, Richardson M, Maher C. A scoping review of physical activity and screen time guidelines for use in Outside School Hours Care. BMC Pediatr. 2020;20(1):463. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  4. Sussman CJ, Harper JM, Stahl JL, Weigle P. Internet and Video Game Addictions: Diagnosis, Epidemiology, and Neurobiology. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2018;27(2):307-26. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  5. Dempsey PC, Owen N, Biddle SJ, Dunstan DW. Managing sedentary behavior to reduce the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Curr Diab Rep. 2014;14(9):522. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  6. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı [İnternet]. ©2023 Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü [Erişim tarihi: 1 Ocak 2024]. Türkiye Fiziksel Aktivite Rehberi. Erişim linki: [Link] 
  7. Piercy KL, Troiano RP, Ballard RM, Carlson SA, Fulton JE, Galuska DA, et al. The Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. JAMA. 2018;320(19):2020-8. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  8. Harrington DM, Ioannidou E, Davies MJ, Edwardson CL, Gorely T, Rowlands AV, et al. Concurrent screen use and cross-sectional association with lifestyle behaviours and psychosocial health in adolescent females. Acta Paediatr. 2021;110(7):2164-70. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  9. Sheldrick MP, Maitland C, Mackintosh KA, Rosenberg M, Griffiths LJ, Fry R, et al. Associations between the Home Physical Environment and Children's Home-Based Physical Activity and Sitting. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(21):4178. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  10. Özdi̇nçler AR, Rezaei̇ DA, Abanoz EŞ, Atay C, Keleş YA, Tahran Ö, et al. Okul çağındaki çocuklarda teknoloji bağımlılığının postür ve vücut farkındalığı üzerine etkisi [The effect of technology addiction on posture and body awareness in school age children]. Bağımlılık Dergisi. 2019;20(4):185-96. [Link] 
  11. Stodden DF, Goodway JD, Langendorfer SJ, Roberton MA, Rudisill ME, Garcia C, et al. A developmental perspective on the role of motor skill competence in physical activity: An emergent relationship. Quest. 2008;60(2):290-306. [Link] 
  12. Fontenele TMO, Nunes PPB, Silva FVM, Menezes CNB, Andrade RF, Mont'Alverne DGB, et al. Smartphone addiction and postural alterations in the cervical region in adolescents. Rev Paul Pediatr. 2023;42:e2023051. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  13. Berber M, Karadibak D, Uçurum SG. Adolesan dönemde ekrana bağlı aktivitelerin hamstring kas uzunluğu, reaksiyon zamanı ve vücut kitle indeksi üzerine etkisi [The effect of screen based activities on hamstring muscle length, reaction time and body mass index in adolesans]. DEU Tıp Derg. 2014;28(1):1. [Link] 
  14. Ismail FY, Ljubisavljevic MR, Johnston MV. A conceptual framework for plasticity in the developing brain. Handb Clin Neurol. 2020;173:57-66. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  15. Rocha HAL, Correia LL, Leite ÁJM, Machado MMT, Lindsay AC, Rocha SGMO, et al. Screen time and early childhood development in Ceará, Brazil: a population-based study. BMC Public Health. 2021;21(1):2072. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  16. McRoberts LB, Cloud RM, Black CM. Evaluation of the New York posture rating chart for assessing changes in postural alignment in a garment study. CTRJ. 2013;31(2):81-96. [Link] 
  17. Kantara Aktansoy S, Kirmizigi̇l B. İlköğretim öğrencilerinde eurofit test bataryası ve postür değerlendirmesi [The evaluation of eurofit test batary and posture in primary schools students]. Turkiye Klinikleri J Health Sci. 2020;5(1):73-80. [Crossref] 
  18. Wilson BN, Crawford SG, Green D, Roberts G, Aylott A, Kaplan BJ. Psychometric properties of the revised Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire. Phys Occup Ther Pediatr. 2009;29(2):182-202. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  19. Yildirim CK, Altunalan T, Acar G, Elbasan B, Gucuyener K. Cross-cultural adaptation of the developmental coordination disorder questionnaire in Turkish children. Percept Mot Skills. 2019;126(1):40-9. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  20. Qi J, Yan Y, Yin H. Screen time among school-aged children of aged 6-14: a systematic review. Glob Health Res Policy. 2023;8(1):12. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  21. Nagata JM, Smith N, Alsamman S, Lee CM, Dooley EE, Kiss O, et al. Association of physical activity and screen time with body mass index among US adolescents. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(2):e2255466. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  22. Latalski M, Bylina J, Fatyga M, Repko M, Filipovic M, Jarosz MJ, et al. Risk factors of postural defects in children at school age. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2013;20(3):583-7. [PubMed] 
  23. David D, Giannini C, Chiarelli F, Mohn A. Text neck syndrome in children and adolescents. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(4):1565. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  24. Tsang SMH, Cheing GLY, Chan JWK. Severity of slouched posture during smartphone use is associated with the musculoskeletal discomfort, daily usage, and school year among adolescents. Ergonomics. 2023;66(9):1340-53. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  25. Putnick DL, Trinh MH, Sundaram R, Bell EM, Ghassabian A, Robinson SL, et al. Displacement of peer play by screen time: associations with toddler development. Pediatr Res. 2023;93(5):1425-31. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  26. Downing KL, Hinkley T, Salmon J, Hnatiuk JA, Hesketh KD. Do the correlates of screen time and sedentary time differ in preschool children? BMC Public Health. 2017;17(1):285. Erratum in: BMC Public Health. 2017;17(1):367. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  27. Smith L, Fisher A, Hamer M. Prospective association between objective measures of childhood motor coordination and sedentary behaviour in adolescence and adulthood. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2015;12:75. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 

.: Up To Date

Login

 Forgot your password?

 New Registration  

Contact

Ortadoğu Reklam Tanıtım Yayıncılık Turizm Eğitim İnşaat Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş.

.: Address

Turkocagi Caddesi No:30 06520 Balgat / ANKARA
Phone: +90 312 286 56 56
Fax: +90 312 220 04 70
E-mail: info@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Manuscript Editing Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 2
E-mail: yaziisleri@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: English Language Redaction

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 145
E-mail: tkyayindestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Marketing Sales-Project Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 142
E-mail: reklam@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Subscription and Public Relations Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: abone@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Customer Services

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: satisdestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

1. TERMS OF USE

1.1. To use the web pages with http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name or the websites reached through the sub domain names attached to the domain name (They will be collectively referred as "SITE"), please read the conditions below. If you do not accept these terms, please cease to use the "SITE." "SITE" owner reserves the right to change the information on the website, forms, contents, the "SITE," "SITE" terms of use anytime they want.

1.2. The owner of the "SITE" is Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. (From now on it is going to be referred as "Turkiye Klinikleri", shortly) and it resides at Turkocagi cad. No:30, 06520 Balgat Ankara. The services in the "SITE" are provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.3. Anyone accessing the "SITE" with or without a fee whether they are a natural person or a legal identity is considered to agree these terms of use. In this contract hereby, "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the stated terms anytime. These changes will be published in the "SITE" periodically and they will be valid when they are published. Any natural person or legal identity benefiting from and reaching to the "SITE" are considered to be agreed to any change on hereby contract terms done by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.4. The "Terms of Use" hereby is published in the website with the last change on March 30th 2014 and the "SITE" is activated by enabling the access to everyone. The "Terms of Use" hereby is also a part of the any "USER Contract" was and/or will be done with the users using "Turkiye Klinikleri" services with or without a fee an inseparable.

2. DEFINITIONS

2.1. "SITE": A website offering different kind of services and context with a certain frame determined by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and it is accessible on-line on http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name and/or subdomains connected to the domain name.

2.2. USER: A natural person or a legal identity accessing to the "SITE" through online settings.

2.3. LINK: A link enabling to access to another website through the "SITE", the files, the context or through another website to the "SITE", the files and the context.

2.4. CONTEXT: Any visual, literary and auditory images published in the "Turkiye Klinikleri", "SITE" and/or any website or any accessible information, file, picture, number/figures, price, etc.

2.5. "USER CONTRACT": An electronically signed contract between a natural or a legal identity benefiting from special services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide and "Turkiye Klinikleri".

3. SCOPE OF THE SERVICES

3.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine the scope and quality of the services via the "SITE".

3.2. To benefit the services of "Turkiye Klinikleri" "SITE", the "USER" must deliver the features that will be specified by "Turkiye Klinikleri". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change this necessity any time single-sided.

3.3. Not for a limited number, the services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide through the "SITE" for a certain price or for free are;

- Providing scientific articles, books and informative publications for health industry.

- Providing structural, statistical and editorial support to article preparation stage for scientific journals.

4. GENERAL PROVISIONS

4.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine which of the services and contents provided in the "SITE" will be charged.

4.2. People benefiting from the services provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and using the website can use the "SITE" only according to the law and only for personal reasons. Users have the criminal and civil liability for every process and action they take in the "SITE". Every USER agrees, declares and undertakes that they will not proceed by any function or action infringement of rights of "Turkiye Klinikleri"s and/or other third parties', they are the exclusive right holder on usage, processing, storage, made public and revealing any written, visual or auditory information reported to Turkiye Klinikleri" and/or "SITE" to the third parties. "USER" agrees and undertakes that s/he will not duplicate, copy, distribute, process, the pictures, text, visual and auditory images, video clips, files, databases, catalogs and lists within the "SITE", s/he will not be using these actions or with other ways to compete with "Turkiye Klinikleri", directly or indirectly.

4.3. The services provided and the context published within the "SITE" by third parties is not under the responsibility of "Turkiye Klinikleri", institutions collaborated with "Turkiye Klinikleri", "Turkiye Klinikleri" employee and directors, "Turkiye Klinikleri" authorized salespeople. Commitment to accuracy and legality of the published information, context, visual and auditory images provided by any third party are under the full responsibility of the third party. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not promise and guarantee the safety, accuracy and legality of the services and context provided by a third party.

4.4. "USER"s cannot act against "Turkiye Klinikleri", other "USER"s and third parties by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" has no direct and/or indirect responsibility for any damage a third party suffered or will suffer regarding "USER"s actions on the "SITE" against the rules of the hereby "Terms of Use" and the law.

4.5. "USER"s accept and undertake that the information and context they provided to the "SITE" are accurate and legal. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is not liable and responsible for promising and guaranteeing the verification of the information and context transmitted to "Turkiye Klinikleri" by the "USER"s, or uploaded, changed and provided through the "SITE" by them and whether these information are safe, accurate and legal.

4.6. "USER"s agree and undertake that they will not perform any action leading to unfair competition, weakening the personal and commercial credit of "Turkiye Klinikleri" and a third party,  encroaching and attacking on personal rights within the "SITE" in accordance with the Turkish Commercial Code Law.

4.7. "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the right to change the services and the context within the "SITE"  anytime. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use this right without any notification and timelessly. "USER"s have to make the changes and/or corrections "Turkiye Klinikleri" required immediately. Any changes and/or corrections that are required by "Turkiye Klinikleri", may be made by "Turkiye Klinikleri" when needed. Any harm, criminal and civil liability resulted or will result from changes and/or corrections required by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and were not made on time by the "USER"s belongs completely to the users.

4.8. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may give links through the "SITE" to other websites and/or "CONTEXT"s and/or folders that are outside of their control and owned and run by third parties. These links are provided for ease of reference only and do not hold qualification for support the respective web SITE or the admin or declaration or guarantee for the information inside. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not hold any responsibility over the web-sites connected through the links on the "SITE", folders and context, the services or products on the websites provided through these links or their context.

4.9. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use the information provided to them by the "USERS" through the "SITE" in line with the terms of the "PRIVACY POLICY" and "USER CONTRACT". It may process the information or classify and save them on a database. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may also use the USER's or visitor's identity, address, e-mail address, phone number, IP number, which sections of the "SITE" they visited, domain type, browser type, date and time information to provide statistical evaluation and customized services.

5. PROPRIETARY RIGHTS

5.1. The information accessed through this "SITE" or provided by the users legally and all the elements (including but not limited to design, text, image, html code and other codes) of the "SITE" (all of them will be called as studies tied to "Turkiye Klinikleri"s copyrights) belongs to "Turkiye Klinikleri". Users do not have the right to resell, process, share, distribute, display or give someone permission to access or to use the "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information and the products under copyright protection by "Turkiye Klinikleri". Within hereby "Terms of Use" unless explicitly permitted by "Turkiye Klinikleri" nobody can reproduce, process, distribute or produce or prepare any study from those under "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyright protection.

5.2. Within hereby "Terms of Use", "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the rights for "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information, the products associated with "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyrights, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trademarks, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trade looks or its all rights for other entity and information it has through this website unless it is explicitly authorized by "Turkiye Klinikleri".

6. CHANGES IN THE TERMS OF USE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" in its sole discretion may change the hereby "Terms of Use" anytime announcing within the "SITE". The changed terms of the hereby "Terms of Use" will become valid when they are announced. Hereby "Terms of Use" cannot be changed by unilateral declarations of users.

7. FORCE MAJEURE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" is not responsible for executing late or never of this hereby "Terms of Use", privacy policy and "USER Contract" in any situation legally taken into account as force majeure. Being late or failure of performance or non-defaulting of this and similar cases like this will not be the case from the viewpoint of "Turkiye Klinikleri", and "Turkiye Klinikleri" will not have any damage liability for these situations. "Force majeure" term will be regarded as outside of the concerned party's reasonable control and any situation that "Turkiye Klinikleri" cannot prevent even though it shows due diligence. Also, force majeure situations include but not limited to natural disasters, rebellion, war, strike, communication problems, infrastructure and internet failure, power cut and bad weather conditions.

8. LAW AND AUTHORISATION TO FOLLOW

Turkish Law will be applied in practicing, interpreting the hereby "Terms of Use" and managing the emerging legal relationships within this "Terms of Use" in case of finding element of foreignness, except for the rules of Turkish conflict of laws. Ankara Courts and Enforcement Offices are entitled in any controversy happened or may happen due to hereby contract.

9. CLOSING AND AGREEMENT

Hereby "Terms of Use" come into force when announced in the "SITE" by "Turkiye Klinikleri". The users are regarded to agree to hereby contract terms by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the contract terms and the changes will be come into force by specifying the version number and the date of change on time it is published in the "SITE".

 

30.03.2014

Privacy Policy

We recommend you to read the terms of use below before you visit our website. In case you agree these terms, following our rules will be to your favor. Please read our Terms of Use thoroughly.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com website belongs to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. and is designed in order to inform physicians in the field of health

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot reach to user’s identity, address, service providers or other information. The users may send this information to the website through forms if they would like to. However, www.turkiyeklinikleri.com may collect your hardware and software information. The information consists of your IP address, browser type, operating system, domain name, access time, and related websites. www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot sell the provided user information (your name, e-mail address, home and work address, phone number) to the third parties, publish it publicly, or keep it in the website. Gathered information has a directing feature to be a source for the website’s visitor profile, reporting and promotion of the services.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com uses the taken information:

-To enhance, improve and maintain the quality of the website

-To generate visitor’s profile and statistical data

-To determine the tendency of the visitors on using our website

-To send print publications/correspondences

-To send press releases or notifications through e-mail

-To generate a list for an event or competition

By using www.turkiyeklinikleri.com you are considered to agree that;

-Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. cannot be hold responsible for any user’s illegal and immoral behavior,

-Terms of use may change from time to time,

-It is not responsible for other websites’ contents it cannot control or the harms they may cause although it uses the connection they provided.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. may block the website to users in the following events:

-Information with wrong, incomplete, deceiving or immoral expressions is recorded to the website,

-Proclamation, advertisement, announcement, libelous expressions are used against natural person or legal identity,

-During various attacks to the website,

-Disruption of the website because of a virus.

Written, visual and audible materials of the website, including the code and the software are under protection by legal legislation.

Without the written consent of Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. the information on the website cannot be downloaded, changed, reproduced, copied, republished, posted or distributed.

All rights of the software and the design of the website belong to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. will be pleased to hear your comments about our terms of use. Please share the subjects you think may enrich our website or if there is any problem regarding our website.

info@turkiyeklinikleri.com