Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Nursing Sciences

.: ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Prevalence of Frailty and Related Factors Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study from Western Türkiye
Toplumda Yaşayan Yaşlılarda Kırılganlık Prevalansı ve İlişkili Faktörler: Türkiye'nin Batısından Kesitsel Bir Çalışma
Fahriye PALAa, Melike YALÇIN GÜRSOYb
aÇanakkale Onsekiz Mart University Health Practice and Research Hospital, Çanakkale, Türkiye
bDepartment of Nursing, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University Faculty of Health Sciences, Çanakkale, Türkiye
Turkiye Klinikleri J Nurs Sci. 2023;15(3):660-7
doi: 10.5336/nurses.2023-95866
Article Language: EN
Full Text
ABSTRACT
 Objective: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of frailty and related factors among community-dwelling older adults. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 400 older people aged ≥65 years living in a city center in western Türkiye. The FRAIL Scale was used to evaluate frailty, the Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form (MNA-SF) was used to assess nutritional status, and the Katz Activities of Daily Living (Katz ADL) Scale was used to evaluate daily life activities. Multivariate analysis was performed using SPSS software. Results: Of the elderly participants, 24.5% were frail, and 44.2% were pre-frail. Additionally, frailty was observed 4.3 times in those aged ≥75 years, 3.1 times in those who used 5 or more drugs, 5.7 times in those with a medium perception of health, 30.6 times in those with poor/very poor health perception, and 2.2 times in those with a history of falling in the previous year. Conclusion: The results of this study show that approximately one in every four older people is frail, one in every two older people is pre-frail, and various variables are associated with frailty. It may be recommended that the older adults be screened regularly for frailty by nurses in primary health care institutions.

Keywords: Frailty; prevalence; aged
ÖZET
 Amaç: Bu çalışmada, toplum içinde yaşayan yaşlı bireylerde kırılganlık prevalansının ve ilişkili faktörlerin belirlenmesi amaçlandı. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Bu kesitsel çalışmaya Türkiye'nin batısındaki bir şehir merkezinde yaşayan 65 yaş ve üstü 400 yaşlı birey dâhil edildi. Kırılganlığı değerlendirmek için FRAIL Ölçeği, beslenme durumunu değerlendirmek için Mini Nutrisyonel Değerlendirme Anketi-Kısa Formu ve günlük yaşam aktivitelerini değerlendirmek için Katz Günlük Yaşam Aktiviteleri Ölçeği kullanıldı. Çok değişkenli analiz için SPSS yazılımı kullanıldı. Bulgular: Yaşlı katılımcıların %24,5'i kırılgan ve %44,2'si kırılganlık öncesi dönemde idi. Ayrıca 75 yaş ve üstü kişilerde 4,3 kat, 5 ve daha fazla ilaç kullananlarda 3,1 kat, sağlık algısı orta düzeyde olanlarda 5,7 kat, sağlık algısı kötü/çok kötü olanlarda 30,6 kat ve önceki yılda düşme öyküsü olanlarda 2,2 kat daha fazla kırılganlık görüldüğü belirlendi. Sonuç: Bu çalışmanın sonuçları, yaklaşık olarak her dört yaşlıdan birinin kırılgan, her iki yaşlıdan birinin ise kırılganlık öncesi dönemde olduğunu ve çeşitli değişkenlerin kırılganlıkla ilişkili olduğunu gösterdi. Yaşlıların birinci basamak sağlık kuruluşlarında hemşireler tarafından kırılganlık açısından düzenli olarak taranmaları önerilebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Kırılganlık; prevalans; yaşlı
REFERENCES:
  1. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. World population ageing 2020 highlights: living arrangements of older persons [e-book]. Cited: July 25, 2022. Available from: [Link] 
  2. Clegg A, Young J, Iliffe S, Rikkert MO, Rockwood K. Frailty in elderly people. Lancet. 2013;381(9868):752-62. Erratum in: Lancet. 2013;382(9901):1328. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  3. Chen X, Mao G, Leng SX. Frailty syndrome: an overview. Clin Interv Aging. 2014;9:433-41. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  4. Hoogendijk EO, Afilalo J, Ensrud KE, Kowal P, Onder G, Fried LP. Frailty: implications for clinical practice and public health. Lancet. 2019;394(10206):1365-75. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  5. Collard RM, Boter H, Schoevers RA, Oude Voshaar RC. Prevalence of frailty in community-dwelling older persons: a systematic review. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012;60(8):1487-92. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  6. Akın S, Mazıcıoglu MM, Mucuk S, Gocer S, Deniz Şafak E, Arguvanlı S, et al. The prevalence of frailty and related factors in community-dwelling Turkish elderly according to modified Fried Frailty Index and FRAIL scales. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2015;27(5):703-9. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  7. Shamliyan T, Talley KM, Ramakrishnan R, Kane RL. Association of frailty with survival: a systematic literature review. Ageing Res Rev. 2013;12(2):719-36. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  8. Gill TM, Gahbauer EA, Han L, Allore HG. Trajectories of disability in the last year of life. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(13):1173-80. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  9. O'Caoimh R, Sezgin D, O'Donovan MR, Molloy DW, Clegg A, Rockwood K, et al. Prevalence of frailty in 62 countries across the world: a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-level studies. Age Ageing. 2021;50(1):96-104. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  10. Eyigor S, Kutsal YG, Duran E, Huner B, Paker N, Durmus B, et al; Turkish Society of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Geriatric Rehabilitation Working Group. Frailty prevalence and related factors in the older adult-FrailTURK Project. Age (Dordr). 2015;37(3):9791. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  11. Hymabaccus B, Yavuz BB, Tuna Dogrul R, Balci C, Ozsurekci C, Caliskan H, et al. Validation of frail scale in Turkish older adults. Abstracts of the 14th international congress of the European geriatric medicine society. Berlin. Germany; Eur Geriatr Med. 2018;9(Suppl 1):115. [Crossref]  [PMC] 
  12. Morley JE, Malmstrom TK, Miller DK. A simple frailty questionnaire (FRAIL) predicts outcomes in middle aged African Americans. J Nutr Health Aging. 2012;16(7):601-8. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  13. Rubenstein LZ, Harker JO, Salvà A, Guigoz Y, Vellas B. Screening for undernutrition in geriatric practice: developing the short-form mini-nutritional assessment (MNA-SF). J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001;56(6):M366-72. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  14. Sarikaya D, Halil M, Kuyumcu ME, Kilic MK, Yesil Y, Kara O, et al. Mini nutritional assessment test long and short form are valid screening tools in Turkish older adults. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2015;61(1):56-60. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  15. Katz S, Ford AB, Moskowitz RW, Jackson BA,Jaffe MW. Studies of illness in the aged. The Indexof ADL: A standardized measure of biological andpsychosocial function. JAMA 1963;185:914-9. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  16. Pehlivanoğlu EFÖ, Özkan MU, Balcıoğlu H, Bilge U, Ünlüoğlu İ. Yaşlılar için katz günlük yaşam aktiviteleri ölçeği'nin Türkçe'ye uyarlanması ve güvenilirliği [Adjustment and reliability of Katz daily life activity measures for elderly in Turkish]. Ankara Medical Journal. 2018;18(2):219-23. [Link] 
  17. Manfredi G, Midão L, Paúl C, Cena C, Duarte M, Costa E. Prevalence of frailty status among the European elderly population: Findings from the Survey of Health, Aging and Retirement in Europe. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2019;19(8):723-9. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  18. Siriwardhana DD, Hardoon S, Rait G, Weerasinghe MC, Walters KR. Prevalence of frailty and prefrailty among community-dwelling older adults in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2018;8(3):e018195. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  19. Ofori-Asenso R, Chin KL, Sahle BW, Mazidi M, Zullo AR, Liew D. Frailty confers high mortality risk across different populations: evidence from an overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Geriatrics (Basel). 2020;5(1):17. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  20. Serra-Prat M, Papiol M, Vico J, Palomera E, Sist X, Cabré M. Factors associated with frailty in community-dwelling elderly population. A cross-sectional study. European Geriatric Medicine. 2016;7(6):531-7. [Crossref] 
  21. Qin Y, Hao X, Lv M, Zhao X, Wu S, Li K. A global perspective on risk factors for frailty in community-dwelling older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2023;105:104844. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  22. Arslan M, Keskin Arslan E, Koç EM, Sözmen MK, Kaplan YC. Altmış beş yaş ve üzeri kişilerde kırılganlık ile ilaç kullanımı ve polifarmasi arasındaki ilişki [Relationship between frailty and medicine use and polypharmacy in people over sixty-five years of age]. Med Bull Haseki. 2020;58(1):33-41. [Crossref] 
  23. Zhao J, Chhetri JK, Ji S, Ma L, Dan X, Chan P. Poor self-perceived health is associated with frailty and prefrailty in urban living older adults: A cross-sectional analysis. Geriatr Nurs. 2020;41(6):754-60. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  24. de Souza LF, Canever JB, Moreira BS, Danielewicz AL, de Avelar NCP. Association between fear of falling and frailty in community-dwelling older adults: a systematic review. Clin Interv Aging. 2022;17:129-40. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  25. Negm AM, Kennedy CC, Thabane L, Veroniki AA, Adachi JD, Richardson J, et al. Management of Frailty: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2019;20(10):1190-8. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 

.: Up To Date

.: Process List

Login

 Forgot your password?

 New Registration  

Contact

Ortadoğu Reklam Tanıtım Yayıncılık Turizm Eğitim İnşaat Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş.

.: Address

Turkocagi Caddesi No:30 06520 Balgat / ANKARA
Phone: +90 312 286 56 56
Fax: +90 312 220 04 70
E-mail: info@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Manuscript Editing Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 2
E-mail: yaziisleri@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: English Language Redaction

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 145
E-mail: tkyayindestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Marketing Sales-Project Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 142
E-mail: reklam@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Subscription and Public Relations Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: abone@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Customer Services

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: satisdestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

1. TERMS OF USE

1.1. To use the web pages with http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name or the websites reached through the sub domain names attached to the domain name (They will be collectively referred as "SITE"), please read the conditions below. If you do not accept these terms, please cease to use the "SITE." "SITE" owner reserves the right to change the information on the website, forms, contents, the "SITE," "SITE" terms of use anytime they want.

1.2. The owner of the "SITE" is Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. (From now on it is going to be referred as "Turkiye Klinikleri", shortly) and it resides at Turkocagi cad. No:30, 06520 Balgat Ankara. The services in the "SITE" are provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.3. Anyone accessing the "SITE" with or without a fee whether they are a natural person or a legal identity is considered to agree these terms of use. In this contract hereby, "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the stated terms anytime. These changes will be published in the "SITE" periodically and they will be valid when they are published. Any natural person or legal identity benefiting from and reaching to the "SITE" are considered to be agreed to any change on hereby contract terms done by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.4. The "Terms of Use" hereby is published in the website with the last change on March 30th 2014 and the "SITE" is activated by enabling the access to everyone. The "Terms of Use" hereby is also a part of the any "USER Contract" was and/or will be done with the users using "Turkiye Klinikleri" services with or without a fee an inseparable.

2. DEFINITIONS

2.1. "SITE": A website offering different kind of services and context with a certain frame determined by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and it is accessible on-line on http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name and/or subdomains connected to the domain name.

2.2. USER: A natural person or a legal identity accessing to the "SITE" through online settings.

2.3. LINK: A link enabling to access to another website through the "SITE", the files, the context or through another website to the "SITE", the files and the context.

2.4. CONTEXT: Any visual, literary and auditory images published in the "Turkiye Klinikleri", "SITE" and/or any website or any accessible information, file, picture, number/figures, price, etc.

2.5. "USER CONTRACT": An electronically signed contract between a natural or a legal identity benefiting from special services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide and "Turkiye Klinikleri".

3. SCOPE OF THE SERVICES

3.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine the scope and quality of the services via the "SITE".

3.2. To benefit the services of "Turkiye Klinikleri" "SITE", the "USER" must deliver the features that will be specified by "Turkiye Klinikleri". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change this necessity any time single-sided.

3.3. Not for a limited number, the services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide through the "SITE" for a certain price or for free are;

- Providing scientific articles, books and informative publications for health industry.

- Providing structural, statistical and editorial support to article preparation stage for scientific journals.

4. GENERAL PROVISIONS

4.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine which of the services and contents provided in the "SITE" will be charged.

4.2. People benefiting from the services provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and using the website can use the "SITE" only according to the law and only for personal reasons. Users have the criminal and civil liability for every process and action they take in the "SITE". Every USER agrees, declares and undertakes that they will not proceed by any function or action infringement of rights of "Turkiye Klinikleri"s and/or other third parties', they are the exclusive right holder on usage, processing, storage, made public and revealing any written, visual or auditory information reported to Turkiye Klinikleri" and/or "SITE" to the third parties. "USER" agrees and undertakes that s/he will not duplicate, copy, distribute, process, the pictures, text, visual and auditory images, video clips, files, databases, catalogs and lists within the "SITE", s/he will not be using these actions or with other ways to compete with "Turkiye Klinikleri", directly or indirectly.

4.3. The services provided and the context published within the "SITE" by third parties is not under the responsibility of "Turkiye Klinikleri", institutions collaborated with "Turkiye Klinikleri", "Turkiye Klinikleri" employee and directors, "Turkiye Klinikleri" authorized salespeople. Commitment to accuracy and legality of the published information, context, visual and auditory images provided by any third party are under the full responsibility of the third party. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not promise and guarantee the safety, accuracy and legality of the services and context provided by a third party.

4.4. "USER"s cannot act against "Turkiye Klinikleri", other "USER"s and third parties by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" has no direct and/or indirect responsibility for any damage a third party suffered or will suffer regarding "USER"s actions on the "SITE" against the rules of the hereby "Terms of Use" and the law.

4.5. "USER"s accept and undertake that the information and context they provided to the "SITE" are accurate and legal. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is not liable and responsible for promising and guaranteeing the verification of the information and context transmitted to "Turkiye Klinikleri" by the "USER"s, or uploaded, changed and provided through the "SITE" by them and whether these information are safe, accurate and legal.

4.6. "USER"s agree and undertake that they will not perform any action leading to unfair competition, weakening the personal and commercial credit of "Turkiye Klinikleri" and a third party,  encroaching and attacking on personal rights within the "SITE" in accordance with the Turkish Commercial Code Law.

4.7. "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the right to change the services and the context within the "SITE"  anytime. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use this right without any notification and timelessly. "USER"s have to make the changes and/or corrections "Turkiye Klinikleri" required immediately. Any changes and/or corrections that are required by "Turkiye Klinikleri", may be made by "Turkiye Klinikleri" when needed. Any harm, criminal and civil liability resulted or will result from changes and/or corrections required by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and were not made on time by the "USER"s belongs completely to the users.

4.8. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may give links through the "SITE" to other websites and/or "CONTEXT"s and/or folders that are outside of their control and owned and run by third parties. These links are provided for ease of reference only and do not hold qualification for support the respective web SITE or the admin or declaration or guarantee for the information inside. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not hold any responsibility over the web-sites connected through the links on the "SITE", folders and context, the services or products on the websites provided through these links or their context.

4.9. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use the information provided to them by the "USERS" through the "SITE" in line with the terms of the "PRIVACY POLICY" and "USER CONTRACT". It may process the information or classify and save them on a database. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may also use the USER's or visitor's identity, address, e-mail address, phone number, IP number, which sections of the "SITE" they visited, domain type, browser type, date and time information to provide statistical evaluation and customized services.

5. PROPRIETARY RIGHTS

5.1. The information accessed through this "SITE" or provided by the users legally and all the elements (including but not limited to design, text, image, html code and other codes) of the "SITE" (all of them will be called as studies tied to "Turkiye Klinikleri"s copyrights) belongs to "Turkiye Klinikleri". Users do not have the right to resell, process, share, distribute, display or give someone permission to access or to use the "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information and the products under copyright protection by "Turkiye Klinikleri". Within hereby "Terms of Use" unless explicitly permitted by "Turkiye Klinikleri" nobody can reproduce, process, distribute or produce or prepare any study from those under "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyright protection.

5.2. Within hereby "Terms of Use", "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the rights for "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information, the products associated with "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyrights, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trademarks, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trade looks or its all rights for other entity and information it has through this website unless it is explicitly authorized by "Turkiye Klinikleri".

6. CHANGES IN THE TERMS OF USE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" in its sole discretion may change the hereby "Terms of Use" anytime announcing within the "SITE". The changed terms of the hereby "Terms of Use" will become valid when they are announced. Hereby "Terms of Use" cannot be changed by unilateral declarations of users.

7. FORCE MAJEURE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" is not responsible for executing late or never of this hereby "Terms of Use", privacy policy and "USER Contract" in any situation legally taken into account as force majeure. Being late or failure of performance or non-defaulting of this and similar cases like this will not be the case from the viewpoint of "Turkiye Klinikleri", and "Turkiye Klinikleri" will not have any damage liability for these situations. "Force majeure" term will be regarded as outside of the concerned party's reasonable control and any situation that "Turkiye Klinikleri" cannot prevent even though it shows due diligence. Also, force majeure situations include but not limited to natural disasters, rebellion, war, strike, communication problems, infrastructure and internet failure, power cut and bad weather conditions.

8. LAW AND AUTHORISATION TO FOLLOW

Turkish Law will be applied in practicing, interpreting the hereby "Terms of Use" and managing the emerging legal relationships within this "Terms of Use" in case of finding element of foreignness, except for the rules of Turkish conflict of laws. Ankara Courts and Enforcement Offices are entitled in any controversy happened or may happen due to hereby contract.

9. CLOSING AND AGREEMENT

Hereby "Terms of Use" come into force when announced in the "SITE" by "Turkiye Klinikleri". The users are regarded to agree to hereby contract terms by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the contract terms and the changes will be come into force by specifying the version number and the date of change on time it is published in the "SITE".

 

30.03.2014

Privacy Policy

We recommend you to read the terms of use below before you visit our website. In case you agree these terms, following our rules will be to your favor. Please read our Terms of Use thoroughly.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com website belongs to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. and is designed in order to inform physicians in the field of health

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot reach to user’s identity, address, service providers or other information. The users may send this information to the website through forms if they would like to. However, www.turkiyeklinikleri.com may collect your hardware and software information. The information consists of your IP address, browser type, operating system, domain name, access time, and related websites. www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot sell the provided user information (your name, e-mail address, home and work address, phone number) to the third parties, publish it publicly, or keep it in the website. Gathered information has a directing feature to be a source for the website’s visitor profile, reporting and promotion of the services.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com uses the taken information:

-To enhance, improve and maintain the quality of the website

-To generate visitor’s profile and statistical data

-To determine the tendency of the visitors on using our website

-To send print publications/correspondences

-To send press releases or notifications through e-mail

-To generate a list for an event or competition

By using www.turkiyeklinikleri.com you are considered to agree that;

-Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. cannot be hold responsible for any user’s illegal and immoral behavior,

-Terms of use may change from time to time,

-It is not responsible for other websites’ contents it cannot control or the harms they may cause although it uses the connection they provided.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. may block the website to users in the following events:

-Information with wrong, incomplete, deceiving or immoral expressions is recorded to the website,

-Proclamation, advertisement, announcement, libelous expressions are used against natural person or legal identity,

-During various attacks to the website,

-Disruption of the website because of a virus.

Written, visual and audible materials of the website, including the code and the software are under protection by legal legislation.

Without the written consent of Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. the information on the website cannot be downloaded, changed, reproduced, copied, republished, posted or distributed.

All rights of the software and the design of the website belong to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. will be pleased to hear your comments about our terms of use. Please share the subjects you think may enrich our website or if there is any problem regarding our website.

info@turkiyeklinikleri.com