Enzymes in Poultry Nutrition

.: PREFACE
PREFACE
ÖN SÖZ
Prof. Dr. Pınar SAÇAKLI
Ankara University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Ankara, Türkiye
Article Language: EN
Feed is the most significant cost of poultry production and constitutes around 60 to 70 per cent of the total expenses in poultry bussiness. Reducing feed costs is the main goal of economical and sustainable poultry farming. One way to achieve this is to use cheaper alternative feed sources, and another way is to ensure that the animals benefit from the available feed resources at the highest level. The use of enzymes in animal feed has significant potential in making this goal a reality.

The enzymes needed by animals to digest feed can be produced endogenously by the animal's digestive system or by microorganisms living naturally in the intestine. However, the production of these enzymes in the animal's digestive system is not fully sufficient. Some enzymes are not produced in the animal body at all and must be added directly to animal feed externally. As a result, poultry cannot digest approximately one quarter of the feed they consume. Enzymes need to be added to poultry feed to improve feed digestion and animal performance. In order for an enzyme to be applied to animal feed, there must be sufficient substrate in the feed. The enzyme should not be affected by external factors such as heat during and after feed processing, and should remain stable in the feed and in the animal's intestine.

Although the first exogenous enzyme was synthesized in 1969, it was not possible to produce it economically and commercially in amounts that could be used in animal nutrition until the 1990s. However, during this period, enzymes that break down phytase and non-starch polysaccharides (NSPase) were produced and have been used in animal feed for more than 30 years. The most commonly used and commercially available enzymes used in poultry feed today are xylanase, glucanase, phytase, amylase, lipase, protease and mannanase. All of these enzymes can be used as a single enzyme or as a mixture in poultry feed. In this context, while it provides economic benefit to the poultry industry by increasing the digestibility of plantbased feedstuffs, it also contributes to improving animal health and minimizing the negative effects of animal production on the environment. Due to all these benefits, the use of enzymes in animal nutrition is increasing and research on this subject continues.

In this book, the enzymes are discussed in two categories as endogenous and exogenous enzymes. This book contains most commonly used enzymes in poultry feed and their effects on poultry including the most up-to-date research results. Very specific topics such as rationale of multienzymes and enzyme matrix, enzyme production methods and technology, regulations on feed enzymes are also included. With all these contents, the book should be particularly useful for professional poultry nutritionists and reserachers, poultry producers, feed manufacturers and the students in the animal science.

Grateful appreciation is expressed to authors who contributed to the preparation of this book.

Prof. Dr. Pınar SAÇAKLI
Editor
Ankara University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases Ankara, Türkiye
Yem, kanatlı üretiminin en önemli maliyetidir ve işletmelerdeki toplam giderlerin yaklaşık %60-70'ini oluşturur. Yem maliyetlerinin azaltılması ekonomik ve sürdürülebilir kanatlı hayvancılığının temel amacıdır. Bunu sağlamanın bir yolu; daha ucuz alternatif yem kaynaklarının kullanılması, bir diğer yolu ise; hayvanların mevcut yem kaynaklarından en üst düzeyde faydalanmasını sağlamaktır. Hayvan yemlerinde enzimlerin kullanılması bu amacın gerçeğe dönüştürülmesinde önemli bir potansiyele sahiptir.

Yemi sindirmek için hayvanların ihtiyaç duyduğu enzimler, hayvanın sindirim sistemi tarafından endojen olarak üretilebileceği gibi bağırsakta doğal olarak yaşayan mikroorganizmalar tarafından da üretilebilmektedir. Ancak hayvanın sindirim sisteminde bu enzimlerin üretimi tam anlamıyla yeterli değildir. Bir kısım enzimler ise hayvan vücudunda hiç üretilmez ve bunların doğrudan hayvan yemlerine dışardan ilave edilmesi gerekir. Sonuç olarak kanatlılar tükettikleri yemin yaklaşık dörtte birini sindiremezler. Yemin sindirimini ve hayvan performansını iyileştirmek için kanatlı yemlerine enzimlerin ilave edilmesi gerekmektedir. Bir enzimin hayvan yemine uygulanabilmesi için yemde yeterli substratın bulunması gerekir. Enzim, yem işleme sırasında ve sonrasında ısı gibi dış faktörlerden etkilenmemeli, yem içerisinde ve hayvanın bağırsağında stabil kalmalıdır.

İlk eksojen enzim 1969 yılında sentezlenmesine rağmen, 1990'lı yıllara kadar ekonomik ve ticari olarak hayvan beslemede kullanılabilecek miktarlarda üretilmesi mümkün olamamıştır. Ancak bu dönemde fitaz ve nişasta olmayan polisakkaritleri (NSPase) parçalayan enzimlerin üretimi sağlanmış ve 30 yılı aşkın süredir hayvan yemlerinde kullanılmaktadır. Günümüzde kanatlı hayvan yemlerinde en yaygın kullanılan ve ticari olarak temin edilebilen enzimler ksilanaz, glukanaz, fitaz, amilaz, lipaz, proteaz ve mannanazdır. Bu enzimlerin tümü kanatlı hayvan yemlerinde tek bir enzim olarak ya da karışım hâlinde kullanılabilmektedir. Bu bağlamda bitkisel bazlı yem maddelerinin sindirilebilirliğini artırarak kanatlı sektörüne ekonomik fayda sağlarken, aynı zamanda hayvan sağlığının iyileştirilmesine ve hayvansal üretimin çevre üzerindeki olumsuz etkilerinin en aza indirilmesine de katkıda bulunmaktadır. Tüm bu faydalarından dolayı enzimlerin hayvan beslemede kullanımı giderek artmakta ve bu konuda araştırmalar devam etmektedir.

Bu kitapta enzimler endojen ve ekzojen enzimler olarak iki kategoride ele alınmıştır. Kanatlı yemlerinde en sık kullanılan enzimler ve bunların kanatlıların performansı üzerindeki etkileri, en güncel araştırma sonuçlarıyla birlikte tartışılmıştır. Çoklu enzimlerin ve enzim matriksinin mantığı, enzim üretim yöntemleri ve teknolojisi, yem enzimlerine ilişkin düzenlemeler gibi çok spesifik konulara da yer verilmiştir. Tüm bu içeriğiyle kitap; özellikle profesyonel kanatlı beslenme uzmanları ve araştırmacılar, kanatlı üreticileri, yem üreticileri ve veteriner ve ziraat mühendisliği öğrencileri için faydalı olacaktır.

Bu kitabın hazırlanmasında emeği geçen yazarlara içtenlikle teşekkür ederim.

Prof. Dr. Pınar SAÇAKLI
Editör
Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi, Hayvan Besleme ve Beslenme Hastalıkları AD, Ankara, Türkiye

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