Journal of Literature Pharmacy Sciences

Pestisitlerin İmmünotoksik Etkileri
Immunotoxic Effects of Pesticides
Jülide SECERLİa, İlknur Sıla LEBLEBİCİa, Merve BACANLIa, Onur ERDEMa
aSağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi Gülhane Eczacılık Fakültesi, Farmasötik Toksikoloji ABD, Ankara, TÜRKİYE
J Lit Pharm Sci. 2021;10(2):176-86
doi: 10.5336/pharmsci.2020-78665
Article Language: TR
Full Text
ÖZET
 Pestisitler; böcekler, kemirgenler, yabani otlar ve mantarlar gibi istenmeyen zararlıları yok etmek için tasarlanmış çeşitli kimyasal madde veya maddeler karışımıdır. Pestisitler, zararlı olduğu düşünülen bu organizmaları kontrol ederek birçok fayda sağlar, bu da ürün verimi ve kalitesinde iyileşme, hastalıkların kontrolü ve malların bozulmadan korunmasıyla maddi tasarruflarla sonuçlanır. Bununla birlikte, pestisitlerin çeşitli olumsuz sağlık etkilerine yol açtığına dair çalışmalar da son yıllarda büyük ilgi görmektedir. Klorlu hidrokarbonlar, organik fosforlular, karbamatlar, piretroidler ve piretrinler dâhil olmak üzere çok çeşitli pestisitler mevcuttur. Pestisitlerin tarımda izin verilen limitler dışında kullanımının yanı sıra yüksek dozda intihar amaçlı veya yanlış kullanımları sonucu, gerek insan sağlığı gerekse çevre sağlığı olumsuz etkilenebilmektedir. Pestisitlere maruz kalma başlıca oral, deri ve solunum yoluyla gerçekleşir. Pestisit maruziyeti, iş yerlerinde mesleki maruziyet kaynağı olarak veya normal yaşam ortamlarında meydana gelebilir. Pestisit maruziyeti açısından özellikle üretim, taşınma, hazırlanma ve uygulanmasında çalışan işçiler önemli bir risk grubudur. İlave olarak, pestisit uygulama alanlarına yakın bölgelerde yaşayan kişiler ile söz konusu ürünlerle kontamine gıdaları tüketen kişiler de pestisit maruziyeti açısından önemli gruplardır. İmmün sistem, konağın sağlığı üzerinde ciddi istenmeyen etkileri olan birçok fiziksel, kimyasal veya biyolojik maddenin hedefi olabilir. Pestisitlerin neden olduğu immün sistem işlevindeki değişiklikler, immünotoksisite olarak tanımlanmakta ve pestisitlere maruz kalmanın immün sistem bütünlüğü üzerindeki istenmeyen etkileri, son zamanlarda büyük ilgi görmektedir. Pestisitlere kronik maruz kalmaya bağlı istenmeyen etkiler arasında aşırı duyarlılık reaksiyonları, bazı otoimmün hastalıklar ve kanserler gibi bağışıklık sistemi cevabında değişiklikleri sayılabilir. Bu bileşiklerin, toksisite risklerini belirleyen hayvan çalışmaları uzun süreli olup gerçekleştirilmesi de maliyetlidir. Günümüzde, pestisitlerin immünotoksik etkilerinin hızlı bir şekilde belirlenebilmesi için basit, tekrarlanabilir ve güvenilir in vitro test sistemleri aracılığıyla gerçekleştirilen çalışmalar yardımıyla kullanılan deney hayvanı sayısının azaltılması ve hayvan refahının artırılması hedeflemektedir. Bu derleme kapsamında, yaygın olarak kullanılan pestisitler ve bu pestisitlerin olası immünotoksik etkileri hakkında güncel bilgilerin sunulması amaçlanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Zehirlilik; pestisitler; toksikoloji; bağışıklık sistemi; toksik etkiler
ABSTRACT
 Pesticides are a variety of chemicals or mixtures of substances designed to destroy unwanted pests such as insects, rodents, weeds and fungi. Pesticides provide many benefits by controlling organisms that are considered to be harmful, which results in improved crop yields and quality, disease control, and monetary savings due to protection of the commodity from deterioration. However, pesticides have various adverse health effects that have recently gained a great deal of attention. A wide variety of pesticides exist, including organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids, pyrethrins. In addition to the use of pesticides outside the permitted limits, both human and environmental health can be negatively affected as a result of high doses of suicidal or improper uses. The main ways of exposure to pesticides are through oral, skin and respiration. Pesticide exposure can occur in workplaces or normal living environments as a source of occupational exposure. Workers working in the production, transportation, preparation and application of pesticides are an important risk group in terms of exposure. In addition, people living in areas close to pesticide application areas and consumption of foods contaminated with the products in question may also be other important sources of exposure. The immune system can be the target of many physical, chemical or biological substances that have serious adverse effects on the health of the host. Recently, changes in immune system function caused by pesticides are defined as immunotoxicity, and the adverse effects of exposure to pesticides on immune system integrity have received great attention. Undesirable effects due to chronic exposure to pesticides include changes in the immune system response such as hypersensitivity reactions, some autoimmune diseases and cancers. Animal studies that determine the toxicity risks of these compounds are long-term and costly to practice. Nowadays, in order to determine the immunotoxic effects of pesticides quickly; in vitro test systems can help to reduce the number of experimental animals used and increase animal welfare with simple, reproducible and reliable techniques. The aim of this review is to provide information about commonly used pesticides and the possible immunotoxic effects of these pesticides.

Keywords: Toxicity; pesticides; toxicology; immune system; toxic actions
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